Operating system and data base having an access structure formed by a plurality of tables

ABSTRACT

An object access system for retrieving objects in response to requests identifying requested objects, the system comprising an access structure consisting of a plurality of tables where each table is identified by a unique table identifier and has a plurality of rows where each row has a plurality of fields and is identified by a unique primary key in one of the fields and where a field may also contain objects; a row index for each table, each row index having entries ordered on the primary key of the rows in the table where each entry points to a row of fields in the table; a table index ordered on the table identifier for the tables, the table index having an entry for each table which point to the row index for that table and access means, responsive to requests for an object having an associated table identifier and primary key, for searching the table index for the requested table identifier and for retrieving from the table index entry for the requested table identifier the pointer to the row index for the requested table identifier, searching the pointed to row index for the requested primary key and retrieving from the row index entry for the requested primary key the pointer to the row of fields and searching the pointed to row of field for the requested object and retrieving the requested object.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of Ser. No. 08/029,902, filed Mar. 11, 1993, now abandoned, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 07/968,237, filed Oct. 29, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/830,548, filed Jan. 31, 1992, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 07/450,298, filed Dec. 13, 1989, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 07/402,862, filed Sep. 1, 1989, now abandoned under the title "OPERATING SYSTEM AND DATA BASE USING TABLE ACCESS METHOD".

COPYRIGHT AUTHORIZATION

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an object access system for retrieving objects.

DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART

The development of applications programs by software engineers is a complicated task. This complication arises in part because of environmental parameters, like the variety of data types, hardware types, operating system types, program auditing techniques, and other details. Computer programming languages have developed to handle all of these environmental parameters, usually by requiring explicit recognition of the parameters in the code. Thus, the typical application programmer must contend with data definitions, editing and validation of input data, selection and ordering of data available to the program, looping constraints on the system for the program, output editing and validation conventions, error processing, program auditing, and other complicated tasks in addition to the basic algorithm for accomplishing the application in mind.

These environmental parameters also complicate the running of programs written with high level languages. These programs must be compiled or loaded prior to execution, during which time all the physical resources, data, and rules associated with the application must be bound together.

This binding of resources required for a given application at compile time or load time, makes it difficult to implement truly event driven, or data driven, programs.

Attempts have been made to make some programming languages interpretive. That is, to allow them to bind certain resources to the program while it is being run. However, these interpretive programs have very limited performance and have not gained widespread acceptance in the industry.

Accordingly, there is a need for an operating system, data base, and data access method which will allow application programmers to be free of complications caused by environmental parameters.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an operating system, data base, and access method which pushes data definitions, input editing and validation, selection and ordering, looping, output editing and validation, error processing, and auditing down into the data access method, thereby freeing the application programmer of explicit recognition in his program of these environmental parameters.

The system comprises a virtual stack machine, which operates based on a simple instruction set to execute programs of instructions. In addition, a data base having a unique access structure stores all the dictionary information required for binding during run time of objects stored in the data base to the program being executed. Finally, a data access method, optimized for the access structure, performs all the access functions on the dictionary, sub-routines, and data to be used by the program being executed. The system performs the binding during run time of objects retrieved through the access method during execution of a current program. In addition, the system includes servers for display screens, storage subsystems based on other data access structures, such as IMS, and other peripheral subsystems. These servers again are dynamically bound to a given program at run time.

The access structure consists of a plurality of tables, each table having a plurality of rows, and each row having a plurality of fields. Each row in the access structure is identified by a unique primary key in one of the fields of the row and by a table identifier. Objects that are retrievable through the access structure are stored as fields in the tables. Tables in the access structure can be further divides into subtables, where each subtable is identified by a table parameter. Tables are identified by a table name and any table parameters that have been assigned to the table.

The access method maintains indexes into the tables stored in the access structure. The indexes are first ordered on the table name, and then ordered on the parameter or parameters associated with a given table. Finally, the indexes are ordered on the primary key of each row within a table.

A subset of the tables stored in the access structure consists of dictionary data or metadata, which is utilized for binding objects stored in the data base with a program currently being executed. The dictionary data includes event rules which are executed in response to data access events, selection criteria by which access to objects within the data base can be controlled, ordering algorithms, by which objects within the access structure can be ordered during access events, and a plurality of peripheral device servers.

The implementation of servers within the access method allows the extended common view of objects available to the data processing system to be processed through a single interface. Thus, objects in the native store of the access method stored in other systems, such as IMS, DB2, or other data base management systems, are viewed according to a single access structure by the programmer.

Furthermore, the operating system, according to the present invention, operates based on an isomorphic programming representation. The high level language correlates one to one with internal representation of programs which are directly executed on the virtual stack machine. Thus, only one copy of a given program module is stored within the data base. According to this aspect, a translator/detranslator is utilized by application programmers who perform program development functions. Whenever the programming is being done, the internal representation is translated to a high level source. Whenever the resulting program is stored, the source is translated back to the internal representation. This provides for great mobility of programs from system to system, and eliminates many problems associated with maintaining a consistent view of a program which may be operated by a number of users.

Other aspects and advantages of the present invention can be seen upon review of the figures, the detailed description, and the claims which follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 is an overview block diagram of a data processing system implementing the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagrma of the virtual data processing machine according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a table definition for: TABLES.

FIG. 4 is a table definition for: FIELDS.

FIG. 5 is a table definition for: PARMS.

FIG. 6 is a table definition for: SELECTION.

FIG. 7 is a table definition for: ORDERING.

FIG. 8 is a table definition for: EVENTRULES.

FIG. 9 is a table definition for: @RULESLIBRARY.

FIG. 10 is a table definition for: IMSTABFIELDS.

FIG. 11 is a table definition for: IMSSEGFIELDS.

FIG. 12 is a table definition for: IMSACCESS.

FIG. 13 is a table definition for: SCREENS.

FIG. 14 is a table definition for: SCREENTABLES.

FIG. 15 is a table definition for: SCREENFIELDS.

FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram of the transaction processor according to the present invention.

FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating operation of the transaction processor for a rule call.

FIG. 18 is a diagram of the rule name hashing method.

FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of the table name hashing method.

FIG. 20 is a conceptual diagram of the table access machine with a plurality of servers and buffers according to the present invention.

FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram of the stroage in the table access machine.

FIG. 22 is a table showing the table types and the table operands which work for a given table type.

FIG. 23 is a conceptual diagram of the CTABLE.

FIG. 24 is a conceptual diagram of a source table and a subview table.

FIG. 25 illustrates the operation of the intent list.

FIG. 26 is a conceptual diagram of a transaction in the virtual machine of the present invention.

FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram of the table data store access method.

FIG. 28 illustrates the layout of a page of data in the table data store.

FIG. 29 is an overview of the rule editor components according to the present invention.

FIG. 30 shows the TOKENS and the LONG₋₋ STRINGS tables used by the rule editor.

FIGS. 31, 32, 33A-33C, and 34A-34E illustrate operation of the detranslator according to the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention is disclosed with reference to the figures. First, an overview of the data processing system according to the present invention is provided. Next, a description of the rule language used by application programmers in the system is described. Next, the specification of the manner in which data is stored in the system is provided.

After setting out the application programmer's view of the system, a specification of the object level representation of the rules is provided. From this specification, a description of the virtual machines which make up the data processing system are described. These systems include a virtual stack machine which executes the object level rules, a table access method which provides an interface between the virtual stack machine and the data storage systems. Finally, a description of the native data storage system, known as the table data store, is disclosed.

In addition, the mechanism for translating from the rule language to the internal object level representation of the rules, and for detranslating from the object representation of the rules to the rule language according to the present invention is described.

I. System Overview

FIG. 1 illustrates the basic implementation of the data processing system according to the present invention. This system is implemented as a virtual machine on a main frame computer 10. The main frame computer runs a host operating system, MVS in the preferred system. Under the host operating system, a data base access system, such as IMS 11, can run. At the same time, the data processing system according to the present invention, known as HURON 12, runs under MVS. Coupled with the main frame are a plurality of user terminals 13, 14, such as the Model 3270's. Also, work stations 15 running other operating systems, such as UNIX, could be coupled to the main frame 10.

Connected with the main frame data server, such as IMS 11, are direct access storage devices 16 and 17 storing corporate data. Also, direct access storage devices 18 and 19 are coupled with the HURON system 12.

FIG. 2 shows a conceptual block diagram of the HURON data processing system. The system includes a transaction processor 20, a table access machine 21, and a table data store server 22 which is coupled to direct access storage device 23. The table access machine 21 also drives a screen server 24 which is coupled to a user terminal 25, and an import/export server 26 coupled to other sources of data files 27 and 28.

In addition, the table access machine 21 provides an interface to a heterogenous data base system server, such as IMS server 29, which is coupled to direct storage access devices 30.

The transaction processor 20 is implemented as a virtual stack machine which executes the object code level representation of rules. Those rules are stored in a rule library 31 associated with each transaction. The rule library typically includes a session manager 39 which provides a screen menu and basic utilities to the programmer. Utilities include rule editor 32, a table editor browser 33, RPW and print utilities 34, query processors, if necessary, 35, and application programs 36, 37, 38 such as are called up for a given transaction.

Through the table access machine 21, physical data stored in direct access storage devices 23, 30, 27, 28 are presented to the transaction processor 20 as if it were stored in the table data store system.

The servers 22, 24, 26, 29, the table access machine 21, and the transaction processor 20 are all implemented as virtual machines on the host operating system. Thus, in the preferred system, these virtual machines are implemented with system 370 assembler language and perform the functions which are described in detail below.

A high level view of the system is best provided by understanding the rule language used by application programmers.

II. Rules Language

The rule language is the programming interface for the system. The language comprises an integrated set of database access commands, 4th-generation constructs, and conventional language statements which makes structured programming a natural consequence of developing an application.

The rules have four parts. These parts contain:

1. the rule definition

2. conditions

3. actions

4. exception handlers

The rules are introduced by giving several short examples. Next, each of the four parts of a rule are described, in turn. Then, details concerning expressions, data types, and indirect references to tables and fields are set out. Finally, a formal specification of the rule language in Backus-Naur form is provided, and the standard routines are described.

GENERAL FORM OF RULES

Conceptually, a rule has four parts. When presented physically, the four parts are separated by horizontal lines. The examples that follow show the general form of Huron rules.

Table 1 shows a sample rule named LEAPYEAR, which has one argument names YEAR. LEAPYEAR is a function because it RETURNs a value--either `Y` or `N`--as a result of execution.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         The Rule LEAPYEAR                                                              LEAPYEAR (YEAR);                                                               ______________________________________                                         REMAINDER (YEAR, 4) = 0'                                                                              Y        N                                              ______________________________________                                         RETURN (`Y`);          1                                                       RETURN (`N`);                   1                                              ______________________________________                                    

The rule definition contains the rule header "LEAPYEAR(YEAR);" and would contain local variable definitions, if there were any. The conditions determine the execution sequence. In this rule, there is only one condition, the comparison "REMAINDER(YEAR, 4)=0;". The actions are executable statements in the rule, only some of which will be executed on any particular invocation. The first action, "RETURN(`Y`);", is executed if the condition is satisfied, and the second action, "RETURN(`N`);", is executed if the condition is not satisfied. The rule in this example has no exception handlers, so there are no statements in the fourth part of the rule.

Table 2 shows a more complex rule. The two GET statements verify that the month referred to by the parameter MM occurs in the table MONTHS and that the day referred to by the parameter DD is less than or equal to the maximum for that month. Failure of a GET statement causes the exception GETFAIL, and the exception handler produces a message and returns the value `N`.

                                      TABLE 2                                      __________________________________________________________________________     The rule VALID.sub.-- DATE                                                     VALID.sub.-- DATE (YY, MM, DD);                                                __________________________________________________________________________     DD <= 0;                          Y N N                                        LEAPYEAR (YY);                      Y N                                        __________________________________________________________________________     CALL MSGLOG (`INVALID DAY ENTERED`);                                                                             1                                            GET MONTHS WHERE MONTH=MM & LDAYS >=DD;                                                                            1                                          GET MONTHS WHERE MONTH=MM & DAYS >=DD;                                                                               1                                        RETURN (`N`);                     2                                            RETURN (`Y`);                       2 2                                        __________________________________________________________________________     ON GETFAIL:                                                                     CALL MSGLOG (`INVALID MONTH/DAY COMBINATION`);                                 RETURN (`N");                                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

Table 3 shows the table MONTHS, which the rule VALID₋₋ DATE refers to. note the two columns for the numbers of days in a month for leap years and non-leap years.

Table 4 shows a rule containing a FORALL statement. The rule COUNT₋₋ CARS calculates the number of owners with cars of a given model and year and then prints the result (MODEL and YEAR are fields in the table CARS). The rule has no conditions. The standard routine MSLOG presents the result of the summation in the message log (the symbol ∥ is the concatenation operator).

Table 5 shows the table CARS, which the rule COUNT₋₋ CARS refers to.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         The Table MONTHS                                                               MONTH   ABBR     NAME         DAYS  LDAYS                                      ______________________________________                                          1      JAN      JANUARY      31    31                                          2      FEB      FEBRUARY     28    29                                          3      MAR      MARCH        31    31                                          4      APR      APRIL        30    30                                          5      MAY      MAY          31    31                                          6      JUN      JUNE         30    30                                          7      JUL      JULY         31    31                                          8      AUG      AUGUST       31    31                                          9      SEP      SEPTEMBER    30    30                                         10      OCT      OCTOBER      31    31                                         11      NOV      NOVEMBER     30    30                                         12      DEC      DECEMBER     31    31                                         ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         The Rule COUNT.sub.-- CARS                                                     COUNT.sub.-- CARS (MDL, YY);                                                   LOCAL COUNT;                                                                   ______________________________________                                         FORALL CARS WHERE MODEL=MDL AND                                                                               1                                               YEAR=YY                                                                          COUNT = COUNT + 1;                                                             END;                                                                         CALL MSGLOG (`RESULT:` || COUNT);                                                           2                                               ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                         The Table CARS                                                                 LICENSE    MODEL          YEAR    PRICE                                        ______________________________________                                         ASD102     FIESTA         86       7599                                        BNM029     ESCORT         84       5559                                        BXT524     TAURUS         88      12099                                        FDS882     TEMPO          87      10099                                        GET347     THUNDERBIRD    57      10999                                        LLA498     FIESTA         87      85059                                        PFF356     MUSTANG        84      10599                                        RTY211     TORINO         85       9599                                        SOT963     LTD            86      15159                                        TDS412     THUNDERBIRD    88      35299                                        ______________________________________                                    

RULE DEFINITION

The rule definition, the first part of a Huron Rule, contains a rule header (obligatory) and a declaration of local variables (optional).

Rule Header

The rule header gives a name to the rule and defines its parameters (if any). Parameter passing between rules is by value: a called rule cannot alter the value of a parameter. The data representation of a parameter is dynamic: it conforms to the semantic data type and syntax of the value assigned to it. The scope of a parameter is the rule in which the parameter is defined. Table 6 gives an example of a rule header.

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                         Rule Header for the Rule LEAPYEAR                                              LEAPYEAR (YEAR);                                                               ______________________________________                                    

Declaration of Local Variables

Local variables are declared below the rule header. The scope of a local variable is the rule in which it is defined and any descendant rules. A local variable can be assigned an arithmetic value or a string and can be used anywhere in an action. The data representation of a local variable is dynamic: it conforms to the semantic data type and syntax of the value assigned to it. Local variables are initialized to null (i.e., zero, the logical `N`, or the null string, depending on the usage). Table 7 gives an example of a local variable declaration.

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                                Declaration of the Local Varibales                                             SUM and RESULT                                                                 LOCAL SUM, RESULT;                                                      ______________________________________                                    

CONDITIONS

Conditions, which are logical expressions evaluated for their truth value, determine the flow of control in a rule. Conditions are evaluated sequentially, and, if one of them is satisfied, the actions corresponding to it are executable, and no further conditions are evaluated. If there are no conditions (as in the rule in Table 4), then the rule's actions are executable.

Table 8 gives some examples of conditions. REMAINDER and SUPPLIER₋₋ LOC are functions which return values. Although one of them is a system supplied standard routine and one is a user routine, there is no distinction in the invocation.

                  TABLE 8                                                          ______________________________________                                         Conditions                                                                     CARS.PRICE > INPUT.MIN;                                                        REMAINDER (YEAR, 4) = 0;                                                       INVOICE.LOCATION = SUPPLIER.sub.-- LOC(INPUT.SUPP#);                           ______________________________________                                    

Note: the example rules in earlier tables show that the part of a rule that contains conditions also contains a Y/N Quadrant, which displays Y/N ("yes/no") values. The Y/N values coordinate conditions and actions. Huron supplies the Y/N values, however, not the user. The function of the Y/N Quadrant will become clear in the section on actions.

ACTIONS

An action is an executable statement. Action sequence numbers determine which actions will be executed for each particular condition. The same action can be executed for different condition.

A rule, in effect, is an extended case statement. The conditions and actions can be read as follows:

    ______________________________________                                         CASE:                                                                           condition 1:  actions                                                          condition 2:  actions                                                          . . .                                                                          condition n:  actions                                                          else:         actions                                                         END CASE;                                                                      ______________________________________                                    

Consider the rule in Table 9, for example.

The conditions and actions in the rule VALID-DATE can be read as the case statement below:

    __________________________________________________________________________     CASE:                                                                           DD <= 0;  CALL MSGLOG (`INVALID DAY ENTERED`);                                           RETURN (`N`);                                                        LEAPYEAR (YY):                                                                           GET MONTHS                                                                      WHERE MONTH = MM & LDAYS >= DD;                                               RETURN (`Y`);                                                        ELSE:     GET MONTHS                                                                      WHERE MONTH = MM & DAYS >= DD;                                                RETURN (`Y`)                                                        END CASE;                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________

The actions available in the rule language are described below.

                                      TABLE 9                                      __________________________________________________________________________     Action Sequence Numbers                                                        VALID.sub.-- DATE (YY, DD);                                                    DD <= 0;                       Y N N                                           LEAPYEAR (YY);                   Y N                                           __________________________________________________________________________     CALL MSGLOG (`INVALID DAY ENTERED`);                                                                          1                                               GET MONTHS WHERE MONTH=MM & LDAYS >= DD;                                                                        1                                             GET MONTHS WHERE MONTH=MM & DAYS >= DD;                                                                           1                                           RETURN (`N`);                  2                                               RETURN (`Y`);                    2 2                                           __________________________________________________________________________     ON GETFAIL;                                                                     CALL MSGLOG (`INVALID MONTH/DAY COMBINATION`);                                 RETURN (`N`);                                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

Assignment Statements

There are two kinds of assignment statement. In simple assignment, a single value is assigned to a field of a table or to a local variable. Table 10 shows simple assignment.

                  TABLE 10                                                         ______________________________________                                         Simple Assignment                                                              CARS.PRICE = (PRICES.BASE + PRICES.SHIPPING)                                            *TAXES.RETAIL;                                                        AMOUNT = PRINCIPAL * (1 + INTEREST) ** YEARS;                                  ______________________________________                                    

In assignment-by-name, all the values of the fields of the table on the right are assigned to identically named fields of the table on the left. Table 11 shows an example. Assignment-by-name is a convenient way of assigning all the values of fields of a screen table to fields of a data table, or vice versa.

                  TABLE 11                                                         ______________________________________                                         Assignment-by-Name                                                             ORDERS.* = ORDER.sub.-- SCREEN.*;                                              ______________________________________                                    

Rule Invocation

A rule can invoke another rule implicitly through a logical or arithmetic expression that uses functional notation or explicitly with a CALL statement. Table 12 shows the implicit invocation of the function REMAINDER(YEAR,4), which is a standard routine that returns an integer.

                  TABLE 12                                                         ______________________________________                                                 Implicit Invocation of a Rule                                                  R = REMAINDER (YEAR, 4);                                               ______________________________________                                    

RETURN Statement

A rule is a function if it contains a RETURN statement, which specifies the result. Table 13 shows examples of RETURN statements.

                  TABLE 13                                                         ______________________________________                                         RETURN Statement                                                               RETURN (`Y`);                                                                  RETURN (CARS.PRICE - REBATE);                                                  ______________________________________                                    

CALL Statement

The CALL statement can invoke a rule directly by referring to the rule by its name or indirectly by referring to a field of a table or to a parameter which contains the name of the rule.

The first two examples in Table 14 invoke the rule SELECT₋₋ RENTAL directly. Note that arguments in CALL statements can be passed by an argument list or by a WHERE clause. A parameter keyword in a WHERE clause must be the name of a parameter in the rule header of the called rule. The calls in the first two examples have identical effects, but the calls use different parameter passing mechanisms. All parameters must be specified when a rule is called.

                  TABLE 14                                                         ______________________________________                                         CALL Statement                                                                 CALL SELECT.sub.-- RENTAL (NEAREST.sub.-- CAR(LOCATION));                      CALL SELECT.sub.-- RENTAL                                                       WHERE RENTAL.sub.-- LOC = NEAREST.sub.-- CAR(LOCATION);                       CALL PFKEYS.ROUTINE;                                                           ______________________________________                                    

The last example in Table 14 invokes a rule indirectly. The value of the field ROUTINE in the table PFKEYS is the name of the rule to be executed.

Table I/O

A Huron database is a collection of tables. Rules access tables on an occurrence basis. When a rule refers to a table, it creates a table template, which serves as a window to the table. Rules enter new information into the table by first placing the new data in the appropriate fields of a table template and then executing either a REPLACE or an INSERT statement. Rules retrieve information from the table into a table template with a GET statement or a FORALL statement. Rules delete information from the table by placing the information in a table template and then executing a DELETE statement (the table template is undefined after a DELETE statement).

Selection Criteria

For a GET, FORALL, or DELETE statement, selection criteria can be specified in a WHERE clause. The WHERE clause contains a predicate composed of one or more comparisons. The predicate is evaluated before data is placed in the table template.

Table parameters can be specified in list form or in a WHERE clause (the two forms correspond to the two methods of parameter passing in the CALL statement).

GET Statement

The GET statement retrieves the first occurrence in a table satisfying the specified selection criteria. Table 15 gives examples.

                  TABLE 15                                                         ______________________________________                                         GET Statement                                                                  GET STUDENTS;                                                                  GET STUDENTS WHERE STUDENT# = `810883`;                                        GET MONTHS WHERE MONTH = MM and DAYS >= DD;                                    GET EMPLOYEES WHERE EMP# = INPUT.EMP;                                          ______________________________________                                    

In the first example of Table 15, the GET statement retrieves the first occurrence in the table STUDENTS. In the second example, the GET statement retrieves the first occurrence in the table STUDENTS whose field STUDENT# has a value equal to 810883. In the third example, the GET statement retrieves the first occurrence in the table MONTHS whose field MONTH has a value equal to the value of MM and whose field DAYS has a value greater than or equal to the value of DD. In the fourth example, the GET statement retrieves the first occurrence in the table EMPLOYEES whose field EMP# is equal to the value of the field EMP of the table INPUT.

If there are no occurrences that meet the selection criteria, the GETFAIL exception is signaled.

FORALL Statement

The FORALL statement, which is a looping construct, processes a set of occurrences. The body of the loop consists of the statements to be executed for each occurrence satisfying the selection criteria. Nesting of FORALL statements is allowed.

A FORALL statement contains a table name, an optional WHERE clause, optional ORDERED clauses, an optional UNTIL clause, and actions. A colon (:) comes after the optional clauses (or the table name, if there are no optional clauses). The actions, which comprise the body of the loop, come on separate lines after the colon. An "END;" clause, on a separate line, marks the end of the FORALL statement. Table 16 gives an example of a FORALL statement.

                  TABLE 16                                                         ______________________________________                                                  FORALL Statement                                                               FORALL CARS:                                                                     CALL PRINT.sub.-- CARS;                                                        END;                                                                ______________________________________                                    

As with all table access statements, parameters can be specified in an argument list or in a WHERE clause. Selection on fields is also specified in the WHERE clause, as in Table 17.

                                      TABLE 17                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Selection Criteria in FORALL                                                   Statements                                                                     FORALL CARS WHERE MODEL = MDL AND YEAR = YY:                                   FORALL EMPLOYEES WHERE HIREDATE >*.BIRTHDATE+40:                               FORALL EMPLOYEES WHERE LASTNAME LIKE `*SON`:                                   __________________________________________________________________________

A WHERE clause in a FORALL statement has the same effect as in a GET statement. In the first example of Table 17, the FORALL statement retrieves all occurrences in the table CARS whose field MODEL has a value equal to the value of MDL and whose field YEAR has a value equal to the value of YY.

A WHERE clause can refer to the current table with an asterisk (*). In the second example of Table 17, the FORALL statement retrieves all occurrences in the table EMPLOYEES for which the field HIREDATE has a value greater than the value of the field BIRTHDATE plus 40.

A WHERE clause can contain the "partial match" operator LIKE, which allows comparison of incompletely specified data strings. Incompletely specified data strings can refer to zero or more unspecified characters with an asterisk (*), and they can refer to one unknown character with a question mark (?). In the last example of Table 17, the FORALL statement retrieves all occurrences in the table EMPLOYEES in which the field LASTNAME ends in "SON".

When a FORALL statement is executed, table occurrences are retrieved in primary key order, unless a different order is specified by one or more ORDERED clauses. In the example of Table 18, the occurrences will be presented sorted by descending values of the field PRICE, then by ascending values of the field MODEL, and then by ascending values of the primary key LICENSE (the default for ordering is ASCENDING).

Execution of a FORALL statement will terminate under either of two circumstances: (1) all occurrences satisfying the FORALL selection criteria have been processed, or (2) an exception is detected during the execution of the statements comprising the loop.

The table template is undefined at the end of a FORALL statement. Accessing CARS.MODEL after the FORALL statement in the example of Table 18 would not provide the model of the last car, but would cause the UNASSIGNED exception.

                  TABLE 18                                                         ______________________________________                                         FORALL Statement with Ordering                                                 FORALL CARS (INVOICE.CITY)                                                         ORDERED DESCENDING PRICE AND                                                   ORDERED ASCENDING MODEL:                                                     CALL $PRINTLINE (`CAR ID`||CARS.LICENSE#|.ver     tline.                                                                            `MODEL`||CARS.MODEL||`RETAIL            PRICE:$||                                                       CARS.PRICE);                                                                  END;                                                                         ______________________________________                                    

INSERT Statement

The INSERT statement adds a new occurrence to a table in the database. No field selection is possible: the WHERE clause can only specify parameter values.

Occurrences within a table must have unique primary keys. An attempt to insert an occurrence with a primary key that already exists will cause the INSERTFAIL exception.

Table 19 gives examples of the INSERT statement. Note that, in the second example, CITY is a parameter. The third example shows another way to specify the same parameter.

                  TABLE 19                                                         ______________________________________                                         INSERT Statement                                                               INSERT STUDENT;                                                                INSERT CARS WHERE CITY = INPUT.CITY;                                           INSERT CARS (INPUT.CITY);                                                      ______________________________________                                    

REPLACE Statement

The REPLACE statement updates an occurrence in the database. No field selection is possible: the WHERE clause can only specify parameter values.

If the occurrence does not exist, the REPLACEFAIL exception is signaled. In order to alto the primary key value of the occurrence, it is necessary to DELETE the old occurrence and INSERT the new one.

Table 20 gives examples of the REPLACE statement. Note that, in the second example, CITY is a parameter. The third example shows another way of specifying the same parameter.

                  TABLE 20                                                         ______________________________________                                         REPLACE Statement                                                              REPLACE STUDENTS;                                                              REPLACE CARS WHERE CITY = INPUT.CITY;                                          REPLACE CARS (INPUT.CITY);                                                     ______________________________________                                    

DELETE Statement

The DELETE statement removes an occurrence from a table in the database. A WHERE clause can specify field selection on the primary key field if the relation specified is equality. No other field selection is allowed. A WHERE clause can specify parameter values, as usual.

If the primary key is specified in a WHERE clause, then that occurrence is deleted. If no primary key is specified, then the occurrence referred to by the primary key in the table template is deleted. If the occurrence does not exist in the table, the DELETEFAIL exception is signaled.

Table 21 gives examples of the DELETE statement.

                  TABLE 21                                                         ______________________________________                                         DELETE Statement                                                               DELETE STUDENT;                                                                DELETE STUDENT WHERE ID = `810883`;                                            DELETE CARS (`TORONTO`);                                                       ______________________________________                                    

User Interface

Screens are the standard user interface. They support input from a keyboard and produce output to a terminal.

DISPLAY Statement

The DISPLAY statement causes the specified screen to be displayed, and any input that is entered on the screen is available for processing. Table 22 gives an example of the DISPLAY statement.

                  TABLE 22                                                         ______________________________________                                                  DISPLAY Statement                                                              DISPLAY CAR.sub.-- INPUT;                                             ______________________________________                                    

UNTIL . . . DISPLAY Statement

The UNTIL . . . DISPLAY statement, which is a looping construct, displays a screen repetitively. The body of the loop consists of statements which are executed each time the screen is displayed. Inside the body of the loop, any input is available for processing. Table 23 gives an example of an UNTIL . . . DISPLAY statement.

                  TABLE 23                                                         ______________________________________                                         UNTIL . . . DISPLAY Statement                                                  UNTIL DONE DISPLAY QUERY.sub.-- SCREEN:                                        CALL PROCESS.sub.-- QUERY;                                                     END;                                                                           ______________________________________                                    

Looping: UNTIL Clause

Two constructs allow looping, the FORALL statement, which can contain an UNTIL clause, and the UNTIL . . . DISPLAY statement. The statements between the FORALL part or the UNTIL . . . DISPLAY part, which is terminated with a colon (:), and the "END;" clause comprise the body of the loop.

The UNTIL clause specifies one exception or two or more exceptions separated by the keyword OR. Looping terminates if an exception is detected. Table 24 gives an example of a FORALL statement with an UNTIL clause.

                  TABLE 24                                                         ______________________________________                                         FORALL . . . UNTIL Statement                                                   FORALL SRC.sub.-- TBL1 UNTIL GETFAIL:                                          GET SRC.sub.-- TBL2 WHERE LINE.sub.-- NUM =                                    SRC.sub.-- TBL1.LINE.sub.-- NUM;                                               CALL CMP.sub.-- LINES (SRC.sub.-- TBL1.TEXT,                                   SRC.sub.-- TBL2.TEXT);                                                         END;                                                                           ______________________________________                                    

If a loop terminates because of an exception, control passes to new actions as follows:

If the exception is specified in an UNTIL clause for the loop, then the actions executed next will be those following the END clause of the loop (control passes to those actions even if there is an ON statement for that exception in the exception handler part of the rule). Upon completion of those actions, the rule is finished executing and control passes to the caller. Execution does NOT resume at the point where the exception was detected.

If the exception is not specified in an UNTIL clause for the loop but is specified in an ON statement in the exception handler part of the rule, then the exception will be handled in the usual way: the actions executed next will be those listed in the ON statement.

If the exception is not specified in an UNTIL clause for the loop or in an ON statement in the exception handler part of the rule, then the exception will be handled in the usual way: either the exception will be trapped by an exception handler in a rule higher in the calling hierarchy or the transaction will terminate.

Synchronization

Five statements control the synchronization of transaction, the COMMIT statement, the ROLLBACK statement, the SCHEDULE statement, the TRANSFERCALL statement, and the EXECUTE statement.

COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements

The statements COMMIT and ROLLBACK establish transaction synchronization points. All or none of the changes between synchronization points will be applied to the database.

Normal termination of a transaction implies COMMIT, and abnormal termination implies ROLLBACK. Table 25 shows COMMIT and ROLLBACK statements.

                  TABLE 25                                                         ______________________________________                                         COMMIT and ROLLBACK Statements                                                 COMMIT;                                                                        ROLLBACK;                                                                      ______________________________________                                    

SCHEDULE Statement

The SCHEDULE statement allows asynchronous processing by allowing a rule to be queued for execution independently of the current transaction. The rule to be executed must exist when the SCHEDULE statement is executed. The name of a queue can be specified by an optional TO clause. Definition of queues is handled by system parameters and is not done within the rule language.

Queuing depends on the normal completion of the current transaction, that is, completion in accordance with the transaction protocol. Table 26 shows examples of SCHEDULE statements.

                  TABLE 26                                                         ______________________________________                                         SCHEDULE Statement                                                             SCHEDULE PRINT.sub.-- INVOICE ( INPUT.INVOICE# );                              SCHEDULE TO WEEKEND                                                            CLEANUP WHERE LOCATION = INPUT.CITY;                                           ______________________________________                                    

TRANSFERCALL Statement

The TRANSFERCALL statement terminates the current transaction and invokes a new one. Control does not pass back to the calling rule. When the called rule is finished executing, the transaction is complete.

Like the CALL statement, the TRANSFERCALL statement can invoke a rule directly by referring to the rule by its name or indirectly by referring to a field of a table or to a parameter which contains the name of the rule. The first two examples in Table 27 invoke the rule SELECT₋₋ RENTAL directly, and the last example invokes the rule whose name is the value of the field ROUTINE of the table PFKEYS.

                  TABLE 27                                                         ______________________________________                                         TRANSFERCALL Statement                                                         TRANSFERCALL SELECT.sub.-- RENTAL                                              (NEAREST.sub.-- CAR(LOCATION));                                                TRANSFERCALL SELECT.sub.-- RENTAL                                              WHERE RENTAL.sub.-- LOC =                                                      NEAREST.sub.-- CAR(LOCATION);                                                  TRANSFERCALL PFKEYS.ROUTINE;                                                   ______________________________________                                    

EXECUTE Statement

The EXECUTE statement invokes a descendant transaction. Control passes back to the original transaction on completion of the executed transaction. (Note that the CALL statement invokes a rule within the scope of the current transaction, but the EXECUTE statement invokes a rule that starts an independent transaction.)

Like the CALL statement, the EXECUTE statement can invoke a rule directly by referring to the rule by its name or indirectly by referring to a field of a table or to a parameter which contains the name of the rule. The first two examples in Table 27 invoke the rule SELECT₋₋ RENTAL directly, and the last example invokes the rule whose name is the value of the field ROUTINE of the table PFKEYS.

                  TABLE 28                                                         ______________________________________                                         EXECUTE Statement                                                              EXECUTE SELECT.sub.-- RENTAL                                                   (NEAREST.sub.-- CAR(LOCATION));                                                EXECUTE SELECT.sub.-- RENTAL                                                   WHERE RENTAL.sub.-- LOC =                                                      NEAREST.sub.-- CAR(LOCATION);                                                  EXECUTE PFKEYS.ROUTINE;                                                        ______________________________________                                    

Exceptions: SIGNAL Statement

The SIGNAL statement causes the exception specified within the statement. An ON statement or an UNTIL clause can subsequently detect and process an exception caused by the SIGNAL statement.

In Table 29, the SIGNAL statement causes a user-defined exception MISSING₋₋ INVOICE.

Note: the SIGNAL statement gives the user a way to signal exceptions. The system automatically signals system exceptions such as GETFAIL or ERROR when it detects an error.

                  TABLE 29                                                         ______________________________________                                                SIGNAL Statement                                                               SIGNAL MISSING.sub.-- INVOICE;                                          ______________________________________                                    

EXCEPTION HANDLING

The fourth part of a rule contains exception handlers (if there are any).

ON Statement

An exception handler is an ON statement that contains the name of an exception followed by a sequence of actions to be executed in the event that the exception is detected.

The ON statement is in effect only during the execution of the actions of the rule in which it occurs. It will trap exceptions generated both in the rule and in any of the rule's descendants (rules which are below the rule in the calling hierarchy).

If ON statements in two or more rules at different levels in the calling hierarchy can handle the same exception, the ON statement in the lowest rule handles the exception.

System exceptions are hierarchically defined (the hierarchy is presented in the next section). If more than one handler within a rule can handle an exception, the most specific handler will handle it. For example, GETFAIL is lower than ACCESSFAIL in the exception hierarchy. If a rule has both a GETFAIL handler and an ACCESSFAIL handler, and a GETFAIL exception occurs, the GETFAIL handler will be invoked. If the rule has no GETFAIL handler but does have an ACCESSFAIL handler, the ACCESSFAIL handler will be invoked.

In Table 30, the exception DATE₋₋ INVALID caused by the SIGNAL statement, if it is trapped, is trapped higher in the calling hierarchy, because DATE₋₋ INVALID is not handled in the rule CUSTINFO. The rule that called CUSTINFO, for example, might trap this exception. If the exception DATE₋₋ INVALID is not trapped, the transaction terminates with an error condition, and the message log shows that the exception was signaled.

The GETFAIL handler (ON GETFAIL CUSTOMER) will handle a GETFAIL exception if it occurs on a GET access to the table CUSTOMER when the rule VALID₋₋ DATE is invoked (assuming VALID₋₋ DATE does not provide its own handler), or if it occurs in the GET CUSTOMER statement.

                  TABLE 30                                                         ______________________________________                                         Exception Handling                                                             CUSTINFO(DATE, ID) ;                                                           ______________________________________                                         VALID.sub.-- DATE(DATE);   Y     N                                             ______________________________________                                         GET CUSTOMER WHERE NAME = ID;                                                                             1                                                   SIGNAL DATE.sub.-- INVALID;      1                                             ______________________________________                                         ON GETFAIL CUSTOMER :                                                           CALL ENTER.sub.-- CUSTOM;                                                     ______________________________________                                    

Data access exception handlers (handlers for GETFAIL, INSERTFAIL, DELETEFAIL, REPLACEFAIL, ACCESSFAIL, and DEFINITIONFAIL) can limit their scope by specifying a table name, as in Table 30. If a table name is specified, the handler will only trap the corresponding exception if it is detected while accessing that table. If no table is specified, the handler will trap the exception regardless of what table is being accessed.

The statements comprising an exception handler might cause the same exception. If this happens (and the second exception is not handled somewhere lower in the calling hierarchy), the currently executing handler will not handle the second exception. The rule executor will detect a possible "infinite loop" condition and abort the transaction.

Exception Hierarchy

The run time environment signals system exceptions to permit an application to recover from an error. System exceptions form a hierarchy of names. The ERROR exception will trap all detectable errors, but the GETFAIL exception will only trap a table occurrence not found on execution of a GET statement. The following diagram shows all of the system exception names with their relative position in the hierarchy. ##STR1##

Three levels of exceptions are defined, and an exception will trap any of the exception names that are below it in the hierarchy. The conditions under which each of these exceptions is signaled are described below. ACCESSFAIL table access error has been detected

COMMITLIMIT--limit on number of updates for one transaction has been reached

CONVERSION--value contains invalid data for syntax or cannot be converted to target syntax

DATAREFERENCE--error in specification of selection criteria has been detected

DEFINITIONFAIL--error in definition of a table has been detected

DELETEFAIL--key for DELETE statement does not exist

DISPLAYFAIL--error in displaying a screen has been detected

ERROR--an error has been detected

EXECUTEFAIL--an error in the child transaction has been detected

GETFAIL--no occurrence satisfies the selection criteria

INSERTFAIL--key for INSERT statement already exists

LOCKFAIL--there is a lock on an occurrence or a table is unavailable or a deadlock has occurred

OVERFLOW--value is too big to be assigned to target syntax

REPLACEFAIL--key for REPLACE statement does not exist

RULEFAIL--error results from arithmetic computation

SECURITYFAIL--permission for requested action is denied

STRINGSIZE--size error in assigning one string to another has been detected

UNASSIGNED--a field of a table that has not been assigned a value has been referenced

UNDERFLOW--value is too small to be represented in target syntax (mostly exponential errors)

VALIDATEFAIL--validation exit requested through validation exit key

ZERODIVIDE--attempt to divide by zero has been detected

EXPRESSIONS, OPERATORS, AND DATA TYPES

Conditions, actions, and exception handlers contain expressions. Expressions may contain arithmetic operators and/or a string-concatenation operator. These operators conform with conventional notation, and they obey the precedence given below (exponentiation has highest precedence):

    ______________________________________                                         **             exponentiation                                                  *,/            multiplication, division                                        +,-            unary +, unary -                                                +,-,∥ addition, subtraction, string-                                                 concatenation                                                   ______________________________________                                    

A sequence of arithmetic operators or string-concatenation operators of the same precedence is evaluated from left to right. Table 31 shows operators within expressions.

                  TABLE 31                                                         ______________________________________                                         Expressions                                                                    (PRICES.BASE + PRICES.SHIPPING) * TAXES.RETAIL                                 PRINCIPAL * ( 1 + INTEREST) ** YEARS                                           ______________________________________                                    

Each element of an expression has a syntax and a semantic data type. The syntax describes how the data is stored, and the semantic data type describes how the element can be used.

Syntax

The syntax for values of a field of a table is specified in the table definition. The maximum length of the field is also specified in the table definition.

Valid specifications for syntax are:

    ______________________________________                                         B          (binary)                                                                       valid lengths are 2 and 4 bytes                                     P          (packed decimal)                                                               valid lengths range from 1 to 8 bytes,                                         which can hold from 1 to 15 decimal                                            digits                                                                         the number of decimal digits is                                                specified in the table definition                                   F          (floating point)                                                               valid lengths are 4, 8, and 16 bytes,                                          for a primary key field, or from 1 to                                          256 bytes for other fields                                          C          (fixed length character string)                                                valid lengths range from 1 to 128 bytes,                                       for a primary key field, or from 1 to                                          256 bytes for other fields                                          V          variable length character string                                               valid lengths range from 3 to 128 bytes,                                       for a primary key field, or from 3 to                                          256 bytes for other fields                                                     storage is reserved for the length                                             specified, but string operations use the                                       current length                                                      ______________________________________                                    

Semantic Data Types

The semantic data type for values of a field of a table is specified in the table definition. The semantic data type determines what operations can be performed on values of the field. Operators in the language are defined only for meaningful semantic data types. For example, negating a string or adding a number to an identifier are invalid operations (consider adding 3 to a license plate number)

Valid semantic data types and their permitted syntax are:

    ______________________________________                                         I        (identifier)                                                                    C (fixed length character string)                                              V (variable length character string)                                           B (binary)                                                                     P (packed decimal)                                                   S        (string)                                                                        C (fixed length character string)                                              V (variable length character string)                                 L        (logical)                                                                       C (fixed length character string of length 1)                                   Possible values:                                                                Y (yes)                                                                        N (no)                                                             C        (count)                                                                         C (fixed length character string)                                              V (variable length character string)                                           B (binary)                                                                     P (packed decimal with no decimal digits)                            Q        (quantity)                                                                      C (fixed length character string)                                              V (variable length character string)                                           B (binary)                                                                     P (packed decimal)                                                             F (floating point)                                                   ______________________________________                                    

Comparison Operators

The rule language contains the following operators for making comparisons:

=

<

<=

>

>=

Note the following points about semantic data types in expressions containing these operators:

The relational operators for equality and inequality (=, =) allow any two operands of the same semantic data type. These operators allow two operands of different semantic data types if the types are identifier and string or identifier and count.

The relational operators for ordering (<, <=, >, >=) allow any two operands of the same semantic data type except logical. Values of type logical are not permitted in comparisons which involve ordering.

Trailing blanks are significant for variable length strings, but not for fixed length strings. For example, comparison of two fixed length strings X and Y with lengths 12 and 16 will have the same result as if the shorter string X had been padded with four blanks on the right.

If syntax differs, operands are converted to a common syntax.

The result of a comparison is always a logical value (`Y` or `N`).

The Assignment Operator

The rule language uses the equal sign (=) as the assignment operator. Note the following points about semantic data types in expressions containing this operator:

A value of any semantic data type can be assigned to a field of the same semantic data type.

A value of type identifier can be assigned to a field of type count (and vice versa).

A value of type identifier can be assigned to a field of type string (and vice versa).

A value of type string can be assigned to a field of type quantity (and vice versa).

A value of type string can be assigned to a field of type count (and vice versa).

Arithmetic Operators

The rule language contains the following operators for doing arithmetic:

**

*

/

+

The arithmetic operators allow two operands in these combinations:

count and count

quantity and quantity

count and quantity

The Concatenation Operator

the rule language uses a double vertical bar (∥) as the concatenation operator. The concatenation operator is valid between any two semantic data types, and the result is always a variable length string.

Indirect Table and Field References

To assist the coding of generic routines and utility functions, the rule language permits indirect references to table and field names.

The rule COUNT in Table 32 is a generic routine that determines the sum of a field over all occurrences. This rule generalizes the rule COUNT₋₋ CARS in Table 4 so that it sums any field of any table (more precisely, any table without parameters): it receives the name of the table in the parameter TABLEREF, an it receives the name of the field in the parameter FIELDREF. The parentheses around the names TABLEREF and FIELDREF signify indirection.

The FORALL statement in the rule COUNT shows the two kinds of indirect reference. First, the FORALL statement loops over the table specified by the indirect table reference "(TABLEREF)". Second, the action in the body of the loop involves the field specified by the indirect field reference "(FIELDREF)". Suppose that the rule is call in this way:

    CALL COUNT(`PARTS`,`PRICE`)

The value of TABLEREF will be `PARTS`, the value of FIELDREF will be `PRICE`, and the call will find the sum of the prices of all parts.

                  TABLE 32                                                         ______________________________________                                         Indirect References. The example                                               invocations and their results show                                             how indirect references can                                                    generalize a rule.                                                             COUNT(TABLEREF, FIELDREF);                                                     LOCAL SUM;                                                                     ______________________________________                                         ______________________________________                                         FORALL TABLEREF                1                                                SUM = SUM + (TABLEREF).(FIELDREF) ;                                            END;                                                                           ##STR2##                      2                                               ______________________________________                                         Example Invocation:                                                             CALL COUNT(`CARS`, PRICE`);                                                   Resulting printline:                                                            THE SUM OF CARS PRICE IS: 5690230.19                                          Example Invocation:                                                             CALL COUNT(`PARTS`, `QUANTITY`);                                              Resulting printline:                                                            THE SUM OF PARTS QUANTITY IS: 6750                                            ______________________________________                                    

SYNTAX

A complete, formal syntax of the rule language in Backus-Naur Form (BNF) follows.

BNF Notation

(a) Lower case words enclosed in angle brackets, < >, denote syntactic categories. For example:

    <start character>

(b) In a list of alternatives each alternative starts on a new line.

(c) A repeated item is enclosed in braces, { }. The item may appear zero or more times. For example:

    {<digit>}

(d) Optional categories are enclosed in square brackets, [ ]. For example:

    [<exponent>]

Character Set

All rule language constructs are represented with a character set that is subdivided as follows:

(a) letters

    A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

(b) digits

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

(c) special characters

    @ # $ |  & * () - .sub.-- = + ; : ' , . / < >

Lexical Elements

A rule is a sequence of lexical elements. Lexical elements are identifiers (including reserved words), numeric literals, string literals and delimiters. A delimiter is one of the following special characters

    |  & * () - + = : ; ' , / < >

or one of the following compound symbols

    ** <= >= = ∥

Adjacent lexical elements may be separated by spaces or a new line. An identifier or numeric literal must be separated in this way from an adjacent identifier or numeric literal. The only lexical element which may contain a space is the string literal. String literals may span more than one line; all other lexical elements must fit on a single line.

Identifiers

Rule language identifiers may not exceed 16 characters in length.

    ______________________________________                                         <identifier> ::=                                                               <start character> { <follow character> }                                       <start character> ::=                                                           A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 0 P Q R S T U V W X YZ@#$                         <follow character> ::=                                                         <start character>                                                              <digit>                                                                        <digit> ::=                                                                     0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9                                                           ______________________________________                                    

Numeric Literals

The rule language supports the following forms of numeric literals:

    ______________________________________                                         <numeric literal> ::=                                                          <digits> [ . <digits> ] [ <exponent>]                                          <digits> ::=                                                                   digit { <digit> }                                                              <digit> ::=                                                                    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9                                                            <exponent> ::=                                                                 E [ <sign> ] <digits>                                                          <sign> ::=                                                                     ±                                                                           ______________________________________                                    

String Literals

A string literal is zero or more characters enclosed in single quotes:

    ______________________________________                                         <string literal> ::=                                                           ` { <character> } `                                                            ______________________________________                                    

Single quotes within a string literal are written twice. Thus the following string literal is a single quote ````.

Reserved Words

The following list of names are reserved by the system as key words in the rule language.

    ______________________________________                                         AND         ASCENDING     CALL                                                 COMMIT      DELETE        DESCENDING                                           DISPLAY     END           EXECUTE                                              FORALL      GET           INSERT                                               LOCAL       NOT           ON                                                   OR          ORDERED       REPLACE                                              RETURN      ROLLBACK      SCHEDULE                                             SIGNAL      TO            TRANSFERCALL                                         UNTIL       WHERE         LIKE                                                 Syntax of Rules                                                                <rule> ::=                                                                     <rule declare > <cond list> <action list> <exception list>                     <rule declare> ::=                                                               <rule header> [ <local name declaration> ]                                   <rule header> ::=                                                                <rule name> [ <rule header parm list> ] ;                                    <rule header parm list> ::=                                                     ( <rule parameter name> { , <rule parameter name> } )                         <local name declaration> ::=                                                     LOCAL <local name> { , <local name> } ;                                      <cond list> ::=                                                                  { <condition> ; }                                                            <condition> ::=                                                                  logical value>                                                                 NOT <logical value>                                                            <expression> <relop> <expression>                                            <logical value> ::=                                                              <field of a table>                                                             <rule parameter name>                                                          <function call>                                                              <action list> ::=                                                                <action> { <action> }                                                        <exception list> ::=                                                             { <on exception> }                                                            <on exception> ::=                                                              ON <exception designation> : { <action> }                                    <action> ::=                                                                     <statement> ;                                                                <statement> ::=                                                                  <assigment>                                                                    <rule call>                                                                    <function return>                                                              <table access stmt>                                                            <sync processing>                                                              <display processing>                                                           <signal exception>                                                             <asynchronous call>                                                            <iterative display processing>                                               <assignment> ::=                                                                 <assignment target> = <expression>                                             <assign by name>                                                             <assignment target> ::=                                                          <field of a table>                                                             <local name>                                                                 <assign by name> ::=                                                             <table ref> .* = <table ref> .*                                              <rule call> ::=                                                                  CALL <call spec> [ <call arguments> ]                                        <call spec> ::=                                                                  <rule name>                                                                    <rule parameter name>                                                          <table name> . <field name>                                                  <call arguments> ::=                                                             <arg list>                                                                     WHERE <where arg lists>                                                      <where arg lists> ::=                                                            <where arg istem> { <and> <where arg item> }                                 <where arg item> ::-                                                             <identifier> = <expression>                                                  <function return> ::=                                                            RETURN ( <expression> )                                                      <table access stmt> ::=                                                          <get stmt>                                                                     <insert stmt>                                                                  <replace stmt>                                                                 <delete stmt>                                                                  <forall stmt>                                                                <get stmt> ::=                                                                   GET <occ spec>                                                               <occ spec> ::=                                                                   <table spec> [ WHERE <where predicate> ]                                     <table spec> ::=                                                                 <table name> [ <arg list> ]                                                    <rule parameter name> [ <arg list> ]                                           <table name> . <field name> [ <arg list> ]                                   <where predicate> ::=                                                            <where nexpr> { <logical op> <where nexpr> }                                 <where nexpr> ::=                                                                { <not> } <where expr>                                                       <where expr> ::=                                                                 <where relation>                                                               ( <where predicate> )                                                        <where relation> ::=                                                             <fieldname> <relational op> <where expression>                               <where expression> ::=                                                           [ <unary op> ] <where expr term>                                                     { <add op> <where expr term> }                                         <where expr term> ::=                                                           <where expr factor> { <mult op> <where expr factor> }                         <where expr factor> ::=                                                         <where expr primary> [ <exp op> <where expr primary> ]                        <where expr primary> ::=                                                         ( <where expression> )                                                         <where field of a table>                                                       <rule parameter name>                                                          <local name>                                                                   <function call>                                                                <constant>                                                                   <where field of a table> ::=                                                     <where table ref> . <field ref>                                              <where table ref> ::=                                                            *                                                                              <table name>                                                                   ( <rule parameter name> )                                                      ( <table name> . <field name> )                                                Notice that the <where table ref> production                                   allows a "*" to be specified as the table name.                              <insert stmt> ::=                                                                INSERT <table spec> [ WHERE <where arg list> ]                               <replace stmt> ::=                                                               REPLACE <table spec> [ WHERE <where arg list> ]                              <delete stmt> ::=                                                               DELETE <table spec> [ WHERE <where arg list> ]                                <forall stmt> ::=                                                               FORALL <occ spec> [ <table order> ] [ <until clause> ]                                    : <for alist> END                                                  <until clause> ::=                                                               UNTIL <exceptions>                                                           <exceptions> ::=                                                                <exception designation> {<or> <exception designation>}                        <exception designation> ::=                                                      <exeption name> [ <table name> ]                                             <exception name> ::=                                                             <identifier>                                                                 <for alist> ::=                                                                  { <for action> ; }                                                           <for action> ::=                                                                 <assignment>                                                                   <rule call>                                                                    <table access stmt>                                                            <display processing>                                                           <asynchronous call>                                                            <iterative display processing>                                                 COMMIT                                                                       <table order> ::=                                                                <table order item> { AND <table order item> }                                <table order item> ::=                                                           ORDERED [ <ordering> ] <field name>                                          <ordering> ::=                                                                   ASCENDING                                                                      DESCENDING                                                                   <order clause> ::=                                                               ORDER <order item> {<and> <order item>}                                      <order item> ::=                                                                 ORDERED <fieldname>                                                            ORDERED ASCENDING <fieldname>                                                  ORDERED DESCENDING <fieldname>                                               <sync processing> ::=                                                            COMMIT                                                                         ROLLBACK                                                                     <display processing> ::=                                                         DISPLAY <screen ref>                                                         <screen ref> ::=                                                                 <screen name>                                                                  <table name> . <field name>                                                    <rule parameter name>                                                        <screen name> ::=                                                               <identifier>                                                                  <signal exception> ::=                                                           SIGNAL <exception name>                                                      <asynchronous call> ::=                                                        SCHEDULE [<queue spec>] <rule name> [<call arguments>]                         <queue spec> ::=                                                                 TO <expression>                                                              <iterative display processing> ::=                                             UNTIL <exceptions> <display processing> : {<action>} END                       <field ref> ::=                                                                  <field name>                                                                   ( <rule parameter name> )                                                      ( <table name> . <field name> )                                              <function call> ::=                                                              <function name> [ <arg lists> ]                                              <arg list> ::=                                                                   ( <expression> { , <expression> } )                                          <expression> ::=                                                                 [ <unary op> ] <expr term> { <add op> <expr term> }                          <expr term> ::=                                                                  <expr factor> { <mult op> <expr factor> }                                    <expr factor> ::=                                                                <expr primary> [ <exp op> <exp primary> ]                                    <expr primary> ::=                                                               ( <expression> )                                                               <field of a table>                                                             <rule parameter name>                                                          <local name>                                                                   <function call>                                                                <constant>                                                                   <field of a table> ::=                                                           <table ref> . <field ref>                                                    <table ref> ::=                                                                  <table name>                                                                   ( <rule parameter name> )                                                      ( <table name> . <field name> ) <rule name> ::=                                <identifier>                                                                 <function name> ::==                                                             <identifier>                                                                 <rule parameter name> ::=                                                        <identifier>                                                                 <table name> ::=                                                                 <identifier>                                                                 <field name> ::=                                                                 <identifier>                                                                 <local name> ::=                                                                 <identifier>                                                                 <unary op> ::=                                                                   -                                                                              +                                                                            <add op> ::=                                                                     +                                                                              -                                                                              ∥                                                                   <mult op> ::=                                                                    *                                                                              /                                                                            <exp op> ::=                                                                     **                                                                           <logical op> ::=                                                                 <and>                                                                          <or>                                                                         <and> ::=                                                                        AND                                                                            &                                                                            <or> ::=                                                                         OR                                                                             .sup. |                                                             <not> ::=                                                                        NOT                                                                          <relational op> ::=                                                              <rel op>                                                                       LIKE                                                                         <rel op> ::=                                                                     =                                                                              =                                                                              >                                                                              >=                                                                             <                                                                              <=                                                                           <constant> ::=                                                                   <string literal>                                                               <numeric literal>                                                            ______________________________________                                    

III. Table Data Store

The table data store stores data in relational tables according to the unique table data structure. This structure can best be understood by understanding how tables are built through the table access machine.

HURON's logical access method to retrieve and access tables is the Table Access Method (TAM)

HURON provides access to other heterogeneous databases. This facility is transparent to the user once the data definition has been done. TAM acts as a traffic cop in conjunction with the transaction processor to access the correct server--resident in other regions

The physical access method and data organization is the TDS (Table Data Store)

Data Stores are in a B+ Tree relational data structure

Since HURON is a transaction system, a user's access to a large amount of data will only affect their dependent region.

Defining a TDS table

Table Definer is invoked using a command DT <table name> from a work bench menu or a primary command line produced by a session manager routine. The screen layout of the Table Definer is set out in Table 33.

Standard naming conventions can be followed for the table name.

The default table type is TDS.

Other table types are available such as IMS, IMPORT-EXPORT (sequential) etc.

Each table type has its own table definition screen in the session manager.

Tables are universal to a system.

The Security system on individual tables prevents unauthorized access to the definition and/or data.

The syntax specifications of parameters and fields describe how the data is stored.

The semantic specifications describe how the data should be used in applications.

Event processing can be invoked at data definition time, however the actual rules are coded using the generalized programming language. The event processing is invoked when the data is accessed.

                                      TABLE 33                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Define Table - Screen Layout                                                   DT EMPLOYEE                                                                    COMMAND==>  TABLE DEFINITION                                                   TABLE:EMPLOYEE  TYPE:TDS                                                                              UNIT:educ   IDGEN:N                                     PARAMETER NAME                                                                             TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               EVENT RULE                                                                             TYPE                                                                               ACCESS                          __________________________________________________________________________     USERID      I   C     16                                                       FIELD NAME  TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               KEY REQ DEFAULT                             __________________________________________________________________________     EMPNO       I   P     3     0      P                                           LNAME       S   C     22    0                                                  POSITION    S   C     14    0                                                  MGR#        I   P     3     0                                                  DEPTNO      i   B     2     0                                                  SALARY      Q   P     3     2                                                  HIREDATE    S   C     9     0                                                  ADDRESS     S   V     40    0                                                  CITY        S   C     20    0                                                  PROV        S   C     3     0                                                  P.sub.-- CODE                                                                              S   C     7     0                                                  PFKEYS:3=SAVE 12=CANCEL 22=DELETE 13=PRINT 21=EDIT 2=DOC                       __________________________________________________________________________     6=RETRIEVE                                                                

General Discussion--TDS Options

The fields of the Define Table - Screen Layout are discussed below, except for obvious ones.

TYPE: The table type specifies the access method. Table Data Store (`TDS`) is the default value and is used as the reference template. Each table type has an associated template for display. When the table type is changed, the corresponding template is displayed by pressing any of the function keys or the ENTER key. Valid table types include `TEM` (temporary), `IMP` (import), `EXP` (export), `PRM` (parameter), `SUB` (subview) and `IMS` (IMS) and others defined by a user.

UNIT: The user unit the table is associated with is entered in this field. Valid units are provided by the database administration.

IDGEN: This informs the system that it is responsible for providing unique primary keys for each occurrence.

PARAMETER: The parameter information component is a scrollable area for multiple entries. A maximum of four entries are allowed. This feature allows the system to partition its databases based on a unique field. This mimics a hierarchial structure of data which is more common in the real world than truly relational.

NAME The field name which should be unique within the table.

TYPE The semantic type - application design control.

SYNTAX The internal representation for storage.

LENGTH The length in bytes. The system stores its' data as variable length data to optimize storage.

DECIMAL If specified, it indicates the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.

KEY The valid entry is `P` for primary, and blank (non-key field). A table must have one field defined as its primary key. The primary key specification effectively makes the field a required one. Each occurrence in the table is uniquely identified by its primary key value.

RQD The default value for this filed is blank (not required). Other valid entries are `Y` for required or `N` for not required. Inserting or editing an occurrence without proper values in the required fields is not allowed.

DEFAULT The default value of the field, this will be input if the filed is left blank when a new occurrence is being added.

Semantic Data Type and Syntax

All fields of a table are bound to a semantic data type and syntax. The syntax describes how the data is stored while the semantic type describes how a field may be used. Valid semantic data types and their permitted syntaxes are:

I--identifier

C fixed length character string

V variable length character string

P packed decimal

B binary

S--string

C fixed length character string

V variable length character string

L--logical

C fixed length character string of length 1

value of "Y" for yes

value of "N" for no

C--count

C fixed length character string

V variable length character string

B binary

P packed decimal with no decimal digits

Q--quantity

C fixed length character string

V variable length character string

B binary

P packed decimal

F floating point

Valid Field Syntaxes Specifications

B--binary

valid lengths are 2 and 4 bytes

P--packed decimal

length may range from 1 to 8 bytes which can hold 1 to 15 decimal digits

number of decimal digits may be specified

F--floating point

valid lengths are 4, 8, and 16 bytes corresponding to 24, 56, and 112 binary digits of precision

C--fixed length character string

valid lengths range from 1 to 128 bytes for a primary key field and 1 to 256 bytes for other fields.

results in uppercase characters

V--variable length character string

valid lengths range from 3 to 128 bytes for a primary key field and 2 to 256 bytes for other fields.

storage is reserved for the maximum length possible for the string, however string operations use the current length

results in upper/lower case

Table Documentation

Documentation is associated with all objects including tables. Users can specify a short summary, keywords and a long description to document any tables defined, using a documentation screen as shown in TABLE 34 invoked from the table definer. The summary is limited to one line of information. The keywords specified can be made available for use by the keyword search facility. There is space available to provide a detailed table description. Script formatting commands can be included in the long description.

Documentation

                  TABLE 34                                                         ______________________________________                                         DOCUMENTATION SCREEN FOR THE EMPLOYEE TABLE                                    DESCRIPTION OF TABLE:employee                                                                       UNIT: educ                                                MODIFIED ON:                                                                              BY:    CREATED ON:88.181                                                                              BY:educ                                      KEYWORDS: EDUCATION,EMPLOYEE                                                   SUMMARY:  Table of employees parameterized by USERID                           DESCRIPTION:                                                                   ______________________________________                                         This table contains employee information                                        The education department is responsible for its                                contents and has designed USERID as a parameter in                             order to provide each course participant with a                                copy of the table.                                                            PFKEYS: 3=EDIT OBJECT 5=EDIT/VIEW DOCUMENT                                     ______________________________________                                    

Subview Tables

Subviews provide windows on corporate data. Users can be given a subset of the fields of a table or a subset based on selection criteria.

The Table definer is invoked using a DT <subview table name> command from the workbench menu or the command line on the screen.

Standard naming conventions are followed for the subview table name.

The subview table definer screen is invoked by changing the default table type "TDS" to "SUB", resulting in a definer screen as shown in TABLE 35.

The Security system on individual subviews prevents unauthorized access to the definition and/or use.

There is no separate space allocated for a subview. All data maintenance is actually carried out on the associated source TDS table.

                                      TABLE 35                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Screen layout of a subview table                                               DT SUB.sub.-- TABLE                                                            COMMAND==>                                                                               TABLE DEFINITION                                                     TABLE:SUB.sub.-- TABLE TYPE:SUB UNIT:educ                                      SOURCE:EMPLOYEE                                                                SELECT:USERID = `EDUC` & DEPTNO = 10                                           PARAMETER NAME                                                                             TYPE                                                                               SYN                                                                               LEN                                                                               DEC SOURCE PARM                                                                             ORDER FIELD                                                                             SEQ                                __________________________________________________________________________     FIELD NAME                                                                              TYP                                                                               SYN                                                                               LEN                                                                               DEC KEY                                                                               REQ                                                                               DEFAULT                                                                               SRC                                                                               SOURCE NAME                              __________________________________________________________________________     EMPLOYEENO                                                                              I  P  3  0   P            S  EMPNO                                    LNAME    S  C  22 0                                                            POSITION S  C  14 0                S  MGR#                                     MANAGERNO                                                                               I  P  3  0                                                            DEPTNO   I  B  2  0                                                            PFKEYS:                                                                              3=SAVE 12=CANCEL 13=PRINT 15=SAVEON 21=EDIT 22=DELETE                          6=RETRIEVE 2=DOC                                                               TABLE TYPE CHANGED (PF6 GETS BACK ORIGINAL DEFN).                        __________________________________________________________________________

General Discussion--SUBVIEWS

All fields are the same as described for the `TDS` table. Fields unique to the subview are described below.

SOURCE: Name of the source table whose subview is defined by this table. The source table must exist before its subview can be defined.

SELECT: The scope of the selection criteria is to subgroup the number of occurrences selected. If not present, all occurrences will be selected.

PARAMETERS: New parameters can be specified in the subview if there is a corresponding field in the TDS table. Source table parameters can be renamed and the source name specified in the SOURCE PARM.

ORDERING: This is a scrollable area. Ordering can be specified on a field that is not defined in the subview. Ordering is only used for display purposes. SEQ--A(scending) or D(escending)

Field Definition--Subviews

SRC: This is the source indicator field. Fieldnames can be the same, renamed or unique to the subview table. The source indicator field identifies the status of the field in relation to the source table.

Valid entries are:

Blank

Field definition in both source and subview are the same.

S=Source:

A renamed field is indicated with this entry followed by the field name in the source table

D=Derived:

A field unique to the subview table is indicated by this entry as a derived field.

The source of a derived field ought to be a functional rule which returns a value for this field. Applicational

Applicational advantages of this feature allows for table manipulations and ad hoc reporting on a subview table level.

In ADHOC processing the derived fields receive values when the table is accessed. for example, when editing the table:

    ED (table name)

Event Rules

Event Rules within data definition are commonly made up of a mixture of either validations or triggers.

Validations are rules such as, when information is entered into a table, that data must be validated against another table. For example, when maintaining the employee table, the department number has to be in the departments table. This could extend to a series of other tables or external files.

Triggers cause actions to happen rather than just verification, such as audit trails, updating of other tables or scheduling of other jobs.

With event rules, a user is provided a completely "open" environment, where rigorous checks and controls can be implemented on data.

Definition of Event Rules

The event rules section is a scrollable portion

Event rules are coded in execution order

Event rules can be defined for specific data access codes, such as insert or more generally--get and write

Different event rules can be invoked on the same action

Example Write - event rule--Validation

Write--Trigger

If a data maintenance action is invoked--such as insert or update then write will also be invoked.

The event rule that should be executed can be tested from a local library, but would reside in the site library at production time.

In the event that a test is required using for example the Table Editor then the workbench function cannot be used if the rule is in a local library. To force the search path to access the local library execute the Table Editor as if it was a rule:

    EX=====>STE(`table name(parameters)`)

or

    Command line===>EX STE(`tablename(parameters)`)

When coding the event rule remember that the occurrence of the table has already been obtained--no data access is required for that table.

When coding the event rule the following has to be true:

TRIGGERS--subroutines

VALIDATIONS--functions returning `Y`, `N` or a message if not `Y`

Example of an Event Rule--Validation

In defining the Employee table there was the following constraint:

All employees had to have the department number validated.

The validation had to be done against the DEPARTMENTS table.

The department data consisted of a department number and a department name.

The definition of the EMPLOYEE table had to change to reflect that a validation rule DEPT₋₋ CHK was to be executed anytime any type of maintenance was performed.

The changed EMPLOYEE table with event rule DEPT₋₋ CHK is shown in TABLE 36.

                                      TABLE 36                                     __________________________________________________________________________     COMMAND==>  TABLE DEFINITION                                                   TABLE:EMPLOYEE  TYPE:TDS                                                                               UNIT:PER   IDGEN:N                                     PARAMETER NAME                                                                             TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               EVENT RULE                                                                             TYPE                                                                               ACCESS                          __________________________________________________________________________     USERID      I   C     100          DEPT.sub.-- CHK                                                                        V   W                               FIELD NAME  TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               KEY                                                                               REQ                                                                               DEFAULT                               __________________________________________________________________________     EMPNO       I   P     3     0      P                                           LNAME       S   C     22    0                                                  POSITION    S   C     20    0                                                  MGR#        I   P     3     0                                                  DEPTNO      C   B     2     0                                                  SALARY      Q   P     4     2                                                  HIREDATE    S   C     9     0                                                  ADDRESS     S   V     80    0                                                  CITY        S   C     20    0                                                  PROV        S   C     3     0                                                  P.sub.-- CODE                                                                              S   C     7     0                                                  PFKEYS:3=SAVE 12=CANCEL 22=DELETE 13=PRINT 21=EDIT 2=DOC                       __________________________________________________________________________     6=RETRIEVE                                                                

An example of the rule DEPT₋₋ CHK would appear as in TABLE 37.

                                      TABLE 37                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR3##                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________

Example of an Event Rule--Trigger

The Employee table modified to include the trigger EMP₋₋ AUDIT is shown in TABLE 38.

To provide an audit trail of the people that update the employee table, an output table will be created.

This table EMP₋₋ AUDIT will contain information about the user and also the values of the important fields such as salary.

Change the definition to force an audit entry to be written every time the employee table is maintained.

                                      TABLE 38                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Additional Event Rule for the employee table                                   COMMAND==>   TABLE DEFINITION                                                  TABLE:EMPLOYEE   TYPE:TDS  UNIT:PER   IDGEN:N                                  PARAMETER NAME                                                                             TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               EVENT RULE                                                                             TYPE                                                                               ACCESS                          __________________________________________________________________________     USERID      I   C     100          DEPT.sub.-- CHK                                                                        V   W                                                                  EMP.sub.-- AUDIT                                                                       T   W                               FIELD NAME  TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               KEY  REQ  DEFAULT                           __________________________________________________________________________     EMPNO       I   P     3     0      P                                           LNAME       S   C     22    0                                                  POSITION    S   C     20    0                                                  MGR#        I   P     3     0                                                  DEPTNO      C   B     2     0                                                  SALARY      Q   P     4     2                                                  HIREDATE    S   C     9     0                                                  ADDRESS     S   V     80    0                                                  CITY        S   C     20    0                                                  PROV        S   C     3     0                                                  P.sub.-- CODE                                                                              S   C     7     0                                                  PFKEYS:3=SAVE 12=CANCEL 22=DELETE 13=PRINT 21=EDIT 2=DOC 6=RETRIEVE            __________________________________________________________________________

The table to hold the audit trail information would have the definition shown in TABLE 39.

                                      TABLE 39                                     __________________________________________________________________________     COMMAND==>   TABLE DEFINITION                                                  TABLE:EMPLOYEE   TYPE:TDS  UNIT:PER   IDGEN:Y                                  PARAMETER NAME                                                                             TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               EVENT RULE                                                                             TYPE                                                                               ACCESS                          __________________________________________________________________________     FIELD NAME  TYPE                                                                               SYNTAX                                                                               LENGTH                                                                               DECIMAL                                                                               KEY  REQ  DEFAULT                           __________________________________________________________________________     AUDIT.sub.-- NO                                                                            I   B     4     0      P                                           USERID      S   C     8     0                                                  TRAN.sub.-- DATE                                                                           S   C     8     0                                                  TRAN.sub.-- TIME                                                                           S   C     8     0                                                  EMPNO       I   P     3     0                                                  LNAME       S   C     22    2                                                  DEPTNO      C   B     2     0                                                  SALARY      Q   P     4     2                                                  PFKEYS:3=SAVE 12=CANCEL 22=DELETE 13=PRINT 21=EDIT 2=DOC 6=RETRIEVE            __________________________________________________________________________

Note that this table will use an automatically generated key.

An example of the rule EMP₋₋ AUDIT would appear as shown in TABLE 40.

                                      TABLE 40                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR4##                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________

SUBVIEWS--Derived Fields

SUBVIEWS can consist of a view of existing data. It can also consist of derived fields.

The definition of the subview template provides a space as mentioned before for defining the source and the source name.

The source can be `S`

To provide an alternate name for a field from the base table.

The source name must be the name from the base table.

However, if the source is defined as `D`

To provide a derived field using information from the base table.

The source name must be the rule to be executed whenever the subview is accessed.

When the subview provides source rules to be executed, these rules are functions returning one value.

These rules are unlimited in their function similar to event rules.

Similarly, these rules already know the current occurrence of the associated table--no data access against that table is required.

The information on derived fields is never stored and therefore cannot be updated.

Similar to the event rules--a search of the local library has to be forced in a testing environment. These rules would exist in the site library normally. (Please refer to event rules section).

The Event rules for the base table are still in effect for the subview.

Additional security can be placed on a subview over the base table.

The following example of an event rule validation illustrates used of Derived fields.

Request by manager of department 10

Only his employees

Only certain fields

Interested in how his staff could benefit from the new Employee Savings program that the company had introduced.

With this in mind, a subview was created to satisfy the manager's request.

Two derived fields were added to calculate the employee's length of employment and the amount that the employee could save.

These fields are good choices for derived fields because the length of employment increases daily and the savings amount is a calculation based on that data and the salary. Therefore if the salary changes and the length of employment is always changing, this field is too dynamic to store on a database.

The layout of the subview file is shown in TABLE 41.

                                      TABLE 41                                     __________________________________________________________________________     DT EMPLOYEE.sub.-- SUB                                                         COMMAND==>   TABLE DEFINITION                                                  TABLE:EMPLOYEE.sub.-- SUB   TYPE:SUB   UNIT:EDUC                               SOURCE:EMPLOYEE                                                                SELECT:DEPTNO = 10                                                             PARAMETER NAME                                                                             TYPE                                                                               SYN                                                                               LEN                                                                               DEC SOURCE PARM                                                                              ORDER FIELD                                                                              SEQ                              __________________________________________________________________________     USERID      I   C  100                                                                               0                                                        FIELD NAME                                                                               TYPE                                                                               SYN                                                                               LEN                                                                               DEC KEY                                                                               REQ                                                                               DEFAULT                                                                               SRC                                                                               SOURCE NAME                            __________________________________________________________________________     EMPLOYEENO                                                                               I   P  3  0   P            S  EMPNO                                  LNAME     S   C  22 0                                                          HIREDATE  S   C  9  0                                                          MANAGERNO I   P  3  0                S  MGR#                                   DEPTNO    I   B  2  0                                                          LGTH.sub.-- EMPLOY                                                                       I   B  4  0                D  LGHT.sub.-- EMPLOY                     EMP.sub.-- SAVINGS                                                                       I   B  4  0                D  EMP.sub.-- SAVINGS                     PFKEYS:3=SAVE 12=CANCEL 13:PRINT 15:SAVEON 21=EDIT 22=DELETE                   6=RETRIEVE 2=DOC                                                               __________________________________________________________________________

An example of the rule LGTH₋₋ EMPLOY to calculate the length of employment would appear as shown in TABLE 42.

                                      TABLE 42                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR5##                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________

The difference between the two dates--HIREDATE and today's date would be obtained using the function DATE₋₋ DIFFERENCE. This value is then returned anytime the data is access through this subview.

An example of the rule EMP₋₋ SAVINGS would appear as shown in TABLE 43.

                                      TABLE 43                                     __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR6##                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________

A decision has to be made based on the length of employment:

Employment a year or more then the employee is eligible to use the plan. Calculation--6 Percent of the annual salary (52 weeks)

Less than that--no eligibility amount is zero.

Changing a Table Definition

Changing a table definition is allowed if the table is not populated. If the table is populated, then some restrictions apply, which will be caught by the Table Definer.

Any new fields must be added to the end of the previous ones

Field lengths can be made longer, but should not be shortened

Some syntaxes do not allow modification

Semantic constraints can be changed

TABLE DEFINITION COMMAND SUMMARY 1. Line Commands

The leftmost column of the screen is reserved for entering line commands. A line command is entered by placing the first letter of the command in the command space on the line. All line commands are processed when a function key or the ENTER key is pressed.

I--INSERT AFTER THIS LINE

D--DELETE THIS LINE

R--REPLICATE THIS LINE

C--COPY THIS LINE

M--MOVE THIS LINE

A--DESTINATION OF MOVE/COPY AFTER THIS LINE

B--DESTINATION OF MOVE/COPY BEFORE THIS LINE

The destination of a MOVE or COPY command is determined from either an explicit destination "A" for after or "B" for before, or an implicit destination (the line after the current cursor position).

2. Primary Commands and Function Keys

The primary commands are entered in the area provided on the first line of the screen. Most primary commands have corresponding function keys for user convenience. Following is a list of PF keys and their functions and associated primary commands:

    ______________________________________                                         PF Key Command    Summary                                                      ______________________________________                                         PF1                                                                            HELP.                                                                          PF2    DOC                                                                     DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS                                                                           TABLE                                                        PF3    SAVE                                                                    SAVE THE DEFINITION AND                                                                          LEAVE THE DEFINE TABLE.                                      PF6    RETRIEVE                                                                COMMENCES A NEW SESSION                                                                          BY RETRIEVING THE                                                              DEFINITION OF THE NAMED                                                        TABLE                                                        PF7                                                                            SCROLL UP IN THE RULE                                                          PF8                                                                            SCROLL DOWN IN THE RULE                                                        PF9                                                                            REDISPLAY PREVIOUS                                                                               PRIMARY COMMAND                                              PF12   CANCEL                                                                  LEAVE THE TABLE DEFINE                                                                           WITHOUT SAVING CHANGES                                       PF13   PRINT                                                                   PRINT THE DEFINITION                                                           PF15   SAVEON                                                                  SAVE AND CONTINUE                                                              PF22   DELETE                                                                  DELETE THE DEFINITION AND                                                                        EXIT                                                                COPY                                                                    APPEND THE DEFINITION OF A                                                                       NAMED TABLE                                                  PF21   EDIT                                                                    SAVE THE DEFINITION & BEGIN                                                                      AN STE SESSION                                               ______________________________________                                    

SCREEN DEFINITION Facilities of the Screen Definer

The HURON Screen Definer is invoked from the workbench.

A screen is made up of various screen tables.

Screen tables are unique to the system and are shareable between screens.

The Screen Definer consists of two separate functions.

(1) The screen definition--which screen tables should be used.

(2) Painting the screen tables and defining the fields within the screen table.

Screen tables have no Stored representation in the data store and are temporary tables within the user's environment.

Screen tables are manipulated using the same data access commands in the rules language specifications as all other tables.

Screen Definition

Screen definition is invoked by a PS <screen name> command. This results in a layout screen as shown in TABLE 44.

The screen name is unique to the system.

The screen definition provides for default keys and will automatically perform scrolling for the user.

A screen can be viewed by pressing PF21, any validation rules or require fields can be entered at this time to test validation--without the user having written a DISPLAY command in the rules language.

PF12--the default validation exit will provide an exit if the validation rules cannot be met.

If the user provides a fieldname from a screen table within the SCROLL AMOUNT ENTRY area then HURON will allow scrolling values such as M--maximum, P--page, etc . . . , to be invoked without any further coding.

The user can control the initial cursor position.

Default PFkeys can be modified to meet the user's standards.

                                      TABLE 44                                     __________________________________________________________________________     HURON BUILD SCREEN: employee.sub.-- expense  UNIT: acc                         PF KEYS       SCROLL AMOUNT ENTRY                                                                             DEFAULT CURSOR POSITION                         __________________________________________________________________________     UP:7 DOWN:8   TABLE:           TABLE: expense.sub.-- data                      LEFT:10 RIGHT:11                                                                             FIELD:           FIELD: employee#                                VALIDATION EXIT:12                                                             HELP:1 REFRESH:24                                                              SCREEN TABLES FOR EMPLOYEE.sub.-- EXPENSE                                             ORIGIN  MAX  VALIDATION                FIX                              NAME   ROW:                                                                               COL:                                                                               OCCUR:                                                                              SCROLL:                                                                              RULE:    TITLE:                                                                              FOOTING                                                                              COL                              __________________________________________________________________________     acct.sub.-- title                                                                     1   1   1    n                                                          expense.sub.-- data                                                                   5   5   5    y     AUTHORIZE                                                                               2                                           PFKEYS: 2=DOCT 6=PAINT 9=DEFHLP 13=PRINT 16=EXCLD 19=DUP                       21=DISPLAY                                                                     __________________________________________________________________________

Screen Definitions Command Summary

Following is a list of PF keys and their functions:

    ______________________________________                                         PF Key Function   Summary                                                      ______________________________________                                         PF1    Help                                                                    HELP ON SCREEN DEFINITION.                                                     PF2    Document                                                                DOCUMENTATION FOR THIS                                                                           SCREEN.                                                      PF3    Save                                                                    SAVE THE DEFINITION AND                                                                          EXIT.                                                        PF6    Paint                                                                   SAVE AND CALL THE SCREEN                                                                         PAINTER FOR THE TABLE AT                                                       CURSOR POSITION.                                             PF7                                                                            SCROLL UP.                                                                     PF8                                                                            SCROLL DOWN.                                                                   PF9    Define HELP                                                             DEFINE HELP SCREEN TO BE                                                                         ASSOCIATED WITH THIS                                                           SCREEN.                                                      PF12   Cancel                                                                  EXIT THE FACILITY WITHOUT                                                                        SAVING CHANGES.                                              PF13   Print                                                                   PRINT THE SCREEN.                                                              PF16   Exclude                                                                 EXCLUDE THE TABLE THE                                                                            CURSOR IS ON.                                                PF19   Duplicate                                                               DUPLICATE THE LINE THE                                                                           CURSOR IS ON.                                                PF21   Display                                                                 DISPLAY THE SCREEN.                                                            PF22   Delete                                                                  DELETE THE DEFINITION AND                                                                        EXIT.                                                        ______________________________________                                    

Painting Screen Tables

The screen table painter has two portions: the actual painting of the screen; and the definition of the fields and attributes. The layout screen is shown in TABLE 45.

Screen table names are unique to the system.

Screen tables are not directly associated with any data tables.

Painting the screen tables is very flexible, and free format.

The user is provided the ability to copy the fieldnames from an existing data table, if required.

Validation rules can be associated with each screen table, as opposed to just the screen. This provides sharing for validation rules as well.

The features of the screen table painter provide a great deal of flexibility, such as moving the positions of fields, deleting lines, easy online help screens etc.

                                      TABLE 45                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Screen Table Painter                                                           CUSTOMER INFORMATION                                                            ##STR7##                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR8##                                                                      __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR9##                                                                       ##STR10##                                                                     __________________________________________________________________________

Screen Painter Command Summary

Following is a list of PF keys and their functions:

    ______________________________________                                         PF Key Function   Summary                                                      ______________________________________                                         PF1    Help                                                                    HELP ON SCREEN DEFINITION.                                                     PF2    Document                                                                DOCUMENT FOR THE SCREEN                                                                          TABLE.                                                       PF3    Save                                                                    SAVE THE DEFINITION AND                                                                          EXIT.                                                        PF4    Add line                                                                INSERT A LINE AFTER THE                                                                          CURSOR.                                                      PF5    Cut field                                                               CUT & HOLD THE FIELD AT                                                                          CURSOR.                                                      PF6    Add field                                                               ADD A FIELD AT THE CURSOR                                                      PF7                                                                            SCROLL UP.                                                                     PF8                                                                            SCROLL DOWN.                                                                   PF12   Cancel                                                                  EXIT THE FACILITY WITHOUT                                                                        SAVING CHANGES.                                              PF13   Print                                                                   PRINT THE SCREEN.                                                              PF16   Delete line                                                             DELETE THE LINE THE                                                                              CURSOR IS ON.                                                PF17   Paste field                                                             RELEASE A CUT FIELD &                                                                            POSITION AT THE CURSOR                                                         POSITION.                                                    PF18   Del field                                                               DELETE THE FIELD THE                                                                             CURSOR IS ON.                                                PF19   Copy                                                                    COPY THE NAMED TABLE                                                                             DEFINITION.                                                  PF22   Delete                                                                  DELETE THE DEFINITION AND                                                                        EXIT.                                                        ______________________________________                                    

IV. Dictionary Data

All data within the HURON data processing machine is stored according to the table access machine, either directly in the table data store or virtually in other data storage systems. The actual location and the type of table in which a given occurrence is stored is defined by a plurality of dictionary tables within the table data store. These dictionary tables can be considered metadata in that they are prespecified tables having a structure known to the table data store and to the table access machine so that they can be automatically surveyed in order to build control tables used for accessing occurrences in generic tables.

The dictionary tables include the table named TABLE which has the structure shown in FIG. 3. This table includes the name and type of all tables available to a given session in the machine.

Also, the dictionary includes a table named FIELDS (table name) which is a table which includes the attributes of all data elements in the system and has the structure set out in FIG. 4. This table is parameterized on the table name. Therefore, the table access machine generates a view of the table called FIELDS which is limited to the fields of a given table.

The dictionary also includes a table called PARMS (table name) which is shown in FIG. 5.

This table identifies the parameter associated with each table, if there are any.

The dictionary also includes the table called SELECTION (table name) shown in FIG. 6, in which is stored a selection string or filter to be applied to accesses to the table.

Other dictionary tables include ORDERING (table name) as shown in FIG. 7 which defines a set of ordering operations to be implemented upon accesses to the table, EVENTRULES (table name) as shown in FIG. 8 which specifies rules to be executed upon access events to occurrences in the table, @RULESLIBRARY (library name) as shown in FIG. 9 which stores actual object code for executable rules for the session. The parameter library name is a basic method for dividing up the rules library by a variety of names.

The dictionary also includes dictionary tables required for accesses through the servers other than the table data store. For instance, FIGS. 10, 11, and 12 shown the tables IMSTABFIELDS (table name), IMSSEGFIELDS (db name, seg name), and the IMSACCESS (table name) tables which are used by the IMS server. The IMSTABFIELDS table maps the table access method filed name to an IMS field name. The IMSSEGFIELDS table provides the syntax and mapping parameters for an access based on parameters retrieved from the IMSTABFIELDS table. The IMSACCESS table is used by the server to generate actual access sequences for transmission to the IMS data base.

Also, the dictionary table includes the tables used by the screen servers as shown in FIGS. 13-15. FIG. 13 showns the table SCREENS which identifies all the screens that are accessible through the table access machine in a given session. FIG. 14 shows the table SCREENTABLES (screen) which provides a screen definition for a window in a position within a screen for the window.

The table SCREENFIELDS (screen table) shown in FIG. 15 further provides mapping directly onto the screen itself.

This dictionary data can be expanded to serve any number of servers, but its structure is hard coded ("meta meta data") in the preferred system.

Now that the basic application programmer's view of the system has been described and the representation of data and dictionary data in the system has been provided, an internal specification of the operation of the virtual machines can be understood.

V. Internal Representation of Rules

Rules are stored in an internal representation that is directly executable by the virtual stack machine. The process of saving a rule in the rule editor involves a translation from its textual source code to virtual machine object code. When the textual representation of a rule is required, a detranslation process converts from the virtual machine object code to text. The obvious advantage of storing only one representation of a rule is that a discrepancy between representation can never arise.

This section details the internal representation of a rule. It begins by describing the overall layout of the object code. A detailed description of the various data items, and virtual machine opcodes follows. Examples of the object code corresponding to various kinds of rule statements are included.

THE FORMAT OF A RULE

Rule object code is stored in the @RULESLIBRARY table. This table is parameterized by library name and has the rule name as its primary key.

Conceptually, the object code for a rule may be subdivided into four components: 52 bytes of header information; "n" bytes of code; "m" bytes of static (non-modifiable) data; and "p" bytes of modifiable data. Only the first three of these components are actually stored in the object code. The modifiable area is allocated when the rule is loaded for execution.

TABLE 46 shows the detailed layout of the rule object code. The header and code sections contain references to objects in the static data area. These references are two byte binary offsets which are relative to the start of the header. The Parameters, Local Variables, Exception Handler Names, Table.Field Names, Rule names and Constants Sections all belong to the static data area.

                  TABLE 46                                                         ______________________________________                                         Layout of rule object code                                                     Header (52 bytes)                                                              Parameters (optional)                                                          Local Variables (optional)                                                     Code for Conditions                                                            Code for Actions                                                               Code for Exceptions (optional)                                                 Exception Handler Names (optional)                                             Rule Names (optional)                                                          Table.Field Names (optional)                                                   Constants (optional)                                                           ______________________________________                                    

RULE HEADER

The header portion of the object code, which is shown in TABLE 47, contains the name of the rule along with various other values which describe the code, static data and modifiable data areas.

The length stored in the header is the number of bytes to the right of the length value. Thus the total length of the rule is the value in Length plus 28 (the number of bytes to the left of and including the Length value).

                  TABLE 47                                                         ______________________________________                                         Layout of rule object code header                                              Value   Offset  Syntax   Purpose                                               ______________________________________                                         Rulename                                                                               00      Char(16) Name of the rule                                      Date    16      Char(6)  Date of translation                                   Time    22      Char(4)  Time of translation                                   Length  26      Bin(2)   Length of rest of rule                                Num parms                                                                              28      Bin(2)   Number of formal parameters                           Parm off                                                                               30      Bin(2)   Offset to local list                                  Num locs                                                                               32      Bin(2)   Number of local variables                             Loc off 34      Bin(2)   Offset to local list                                  Cond off                                                                               36      Bin(2)   Offset to conditions                                  Act off 38      Bin(2)   Offset to actions                                     Excp off                                                                               40      Bin(2)   Offset to exception names                             Function                                                                               42      Char(1)  Rule is a function (Y/N)                              TabFld off                                                                             43      Bin(2)   Offset to t.f names                                   Const off                                                                              45      Bin(2)   Offset to constants                                   Rule off                                                                               47      Bin(2)   Offset to rule names                                  Version 49      Bin(1)   Object code version#                                  Mod data                                                                               50      Bin(2)   Size of modifiable data area                          ______________________________________                                    

RULE STATIC DATA

This section outlines the contents of the static data area. Certain object names in the static data section contain references to items in the modifiable data area. Each reference is a two byte offset which is relative to the start of the modifiable data area.

The values in the header which describe the static data area's layout are identified, when appropriate.

Parameters

The parameter section of the object code contains the list of names of the formal parameters declared for this rule.

                  TABLE 48                                                         ______________________________________                                         The internal representation of a parameter                                      ##STR11##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

As shown in Table 48, item in the list is a 16 byte name. "Num parms" contains the number of formal parameters declared for this rule, while the "Parm off" value is an offset to the start of this list.

Local Variables

The local variables section of the object code contains the list of names of local variables declared in this rule.

                  TABLE 49                                                         ______________________________________                                         The internal representation of a local variable                                 ##STR12##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

As shown in Table 49, each item in the list contains a 16 byte name followed by a two byte offset to the modifiable data area. "Num locs" contains the number of local variables declared in this rule, while "Locs off" contains an offset to the start of this list.

Exception Handler Names

The exception name section contains the list of names of exceptions handled by this rule.

                  TABLE 50                                                         ______________________________________                                         The internal representation of an exception name                                ##STR13##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

As shown in Table 50, each item in the list consists of a 16 byte name followed by a pair of two byte offsets. The first two byte offset references the name of the table associated with this exception. The table name is stored in the static data area as a 16 byte name. If there is no associated table name, this offset is zero. The second offset references the code which handles the exception. "Excp off" contains an offset to the start of this list; the list is terminated with a two byte zero.

Fields of Tables

The table.field section of the rule object code is a list of all direct table.field names in the rule.

                  TABLE 51                                                         ______________________________________                                         The internal representation of a direct table.field name                        ##STR14##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

As shown in Table 51, each item in the list consists of two 16 byte names (one for the table and one for the field) followed by a two byte offset to the modifiable data area. "TabFld off" references the start of the list; the list ends at the "Const off" offset.

Rule Names

The rule name section is a list of all the direct rule (or local variables not declared in this rule) names called by this rule.

                  TABLE 52                                                         ______________________________________                                         The internal representation of a direct rule name                               ##STR15##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

As shown in Table 52, each item in the list consists of a 16 byte name, followed by a two byte offset to the modifiable data area. "Rule off" references the start of the list; the list ends at the "TabFld off" offset.

Constants

The constants section is a list of all the constants in the rule (either literal constants or constants generated internally by the translator). A shown in Table 53, each item in the list has a six byte descriptor followed by data. The data itself is prefixed by a one or two byte length (one byte if the data is 0 . . . 127 bytes in length, two bytes for 128+). The high order bit of CLen is on if CLen is two bytes, otherwise CLen is one byte.

                  TABLE 53                                                         ______________________________________                                         The internal representation of a constant                                       ##STR16##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

The type is a single byte which contains the semantic type of the constant. All constants have an unknown (blank) semantic type. The Syntax is a byte which indicates the representation of the data. Valid syntaxes are B(binary) P(packed decimal) F(floating point) C(fixed char) and V(variable char). The DLen is two bytes and contains the definition (or maximum) length of the Data. CLen contains the current length of the Data. Dec is also two bytes and contains the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Dec is only meaningful for packed decimal constants. "Const off" references the start of the list of constants; the list terminates at the end of the object code which is given by "Length"+28.

RULE OPCODES

The virtual stack machine is based on a stack architecture. Most virtual machine instructions manipulate the items on the top of the stack. All stack items are four bytes in length. Many items are pointers to values which are either fields of a table, rule constants or temporary values built during execution. As shown in Table 54, all values are comprised of a six byte descriptor, followed by a four byte pointer to the actual data. The data itself is prefixed by a one or two byte length. The stack may contain other information, such as that necessary to implement rule call and return.

                  TABLE 54                                                         ______________________________________                                         The virtual machine representation of a value                                   ##STR17##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

For values that are built during execution, the virtual machine maintains a temporary area. When temporary values are popped from the stack, their storage in the temporary area is freed.

All virtual machine instructions contain a single byte opcode. Depending upon the opcode, it may require zero, one or two, two byte operands.

For the purpose of describing the semantics of each opcode, let item1 represent the top item on the stack and item2 represent the second item on the stack. Let operand1 and operand2 denote the first and second immediate operands, respectively.

    ______________________________________                                         Name      Opcode   #Ops    Semantics                                           ______________________________________                                         @ADD      4        0       Add two values together.                                                       Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of item2 + item1.                                   @SUB      8        0       Subtract one value from                                                        another.                                                                       Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of item2 - item1.                                   @MULT     12       0       Multiply two values                                                            together.                                                                      Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of item2 * item1.                                   @DIV      16       0       Divide one value by                                                            another.                                                                       Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of item2 / item1.                                   @EXP      20       0       Raise one value to the                                                         power of another.                                                              Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of item2 ** item1.                                  @UNM      24       0       Arithmetically negate a                                                        value                                                                          Pop item1.                                                                     Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of -(item1).                                        @CAT      28       0       Concatenate two values                                                         together.                                                                      Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                                             item2 concatenated to                                                          item1.                                              @EQ       32       0       Compare two values for                                                         equality.                                                                      Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                                             item 2 = item 1 (`Y"                                                           or `N`).                                            @NE       36       0       Compare two values for                                                         inequality.                                                                    Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value                                                                of item2 -= item1 (`Y` or                                                      `N`).                                               @LT       40       0       Compare to determine if                                                        one value is less than                                                         another.                                                                       Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                                             item2 < item1 (`Y` or                                                          `N`).                                               @LE       44       0       Compare to determine if                                                        one value is less or                                                           equal to another. Pop                                                          item1 and item2.                                                               Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                                             item <= 1 (`Y` or                                                              `N`).                                               @GT       48       0       Compare to determine if                                                        one value is greater                                                           than another.                                                                  Pop item1 and item2.                                                           Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                                             item2 > item1 (`Y` or                                                          `N`).                                               @GE       52       0       Compare to determine if                                                        one value is greater or                                                        equal to another. Pop                                                          item1 and item2.                                                               Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                                             item2 >= item1 (`Y` or                                                         `N`).                                               @CALL     56       2       Call a procedural rule or                                                      builtin.                                                                       Operand1 is the number of                                                      arguments to pass; they                                                        have already been                                                              pushed onto the stack.                                                         Operand2 is an offset to                                                       the name of the rule to                                                        call; a positive offset                                                        is a reference to a name                                                       in the static data area.                                                       A non-positive offset                                                          signifies an indirect                                                          rule name, in which case                                                       item1 contains the name                                                        of the rule to call.                                                           On an indirect call,                                                           item1 is popped.                                                               The caller's environment                                                       is saved and execution                                                         begins at the start of                                                         the called rule.                                    @FN       60       2       Call a functional rule or                                                      builtin.                                                                       Operand1 is the number of                                                      arguments to pass; they                                                        have already been pushed                                                       onto the stack.                                                                Operand2 is an offset to                                                       the name of the rule to                                                        call.                                                                          The caller's environment                                                       is saved and execution                                                         begins at the start of                                                         the called rule.                                              64               UNUSED.                                             @RETURN   68       0       Return from a functional                                                       or procedural rule.                                                            Pop all arguments passed                                                       to the called rule and                                                         restore the caller's                                                           environment.                                                                   If the called rule was a                                                       function, push the                                                             return value onto the                                                          stack.                                              @UNTIL    72       2       Initialize for the                                                             execution of an                                                                UNTIL loop.                                                                    Operand1 is an offset                                                          to the opcode to be                                                            executed once the loop                                                         terminates.                                                                    Operand2 indicates                                                             whether this is an                                                             UNTIL . . . DISPLAY loop                                                       (1) or just UNTIL loop                                                         (0).                                                @PARM     76       1       Push a formal rule                                                             parameter onto the                                                             stack.                                                                         Operand1 is the number                                                         of the formal                                                                  parameter.                                                                     (For a rule with N                                                             parameters, the Ith one                                                        is numbered (N - I)).                                                          Push the parameter value                                                       onto the stack.                                     @CONST    80       1       Push a constant onto the                                                       stack.                                                                         Operand1 is an offset to                                                       the value in the static                                                        data area.                                                                     Copy the values'                                                               descriptor into the                                                            temporary area and append                                                      a four byte pointer to                                                         it.                                                                            Set the pointer to                                                             reference the value's                                                          data in the static data                                                        area.                                                                          Push the constant value                                                        onto the stack.                                     @TEMP     84       0       Create a temporary copy                                                        of a value.                                                                    If item1 is not a                                                              temporary value, create                                                        a temporary copy, pop                                                          item1 and then push the                                                        temporary value.                                    @RFIELD   88       1       Push a field of a table                                                        onto the stack.                                                                Operand1 is an offset to                                                       the table field name; a                                                        positive offset                                                                references a name in the                                                       static data area.                                                              A non-positive offset                                                          signifies an indirect                                                          table.field, in which                                                          case item1 is the name                                                         of the table and item2 is                                                      the name of the field.                                                         On an indirect reference,                                                      item1 and item2 are                                                            popped.                                                                        Push the field value onto                                                      the stack.                                                                     As the field is being                                                          pushed, a check ensures                                                        that the field has a                                                           value; if not the                                                              exception UNASSIGNED is                                                        raised.                                             @WFIELD   92       1       Push a field of a table                                                        onto a stack.                                                                  Operand1 is an offset to                                                       the table.field name; a                                                        positive offset                                                                references a name in the                                                       static data area.                                                              A non-positive offset                                                          signifies an indirect                                                          table.field, in which                                                          case item1 is the name                                                         of the table and item2 is                                                      the name of the field                                                          On an indirect reference,                                                      item1 and item2 are                                                            popped.                                                                        Push the field value onto                                                      the stack.                                          @AEND     96       0       Mark the end of the                                                            current code section.                                                          Used to separate the                                                           conditions from the                                                            and the actions from                                                           the exceptions.                                                                @AEND is NEVER executed                                                        by the virtual machine.                             @SET      100      0       Assign a field of a table                                                      a value.                                                                       Item1 is a field of a                                                          table.                                                                         Item2 is a value.                                                              Set data of item1 to data                                                      of item2 and pop both                                                          items.                                              @ABN      104      0       Assign commonly named                                                          fields in tables.                                                              Item1 is the name of the                                                       source table.                                                                  Item2 is the name of the                                                       target table.                                                                  Set the data of all                                                            commonly named fields in                                                       the target table to                                                            data of fields in the                                                          source table.                                                                  Pop item1 and item2.                                @SCHED    108      2       Schedule the asynchronous                                                      execution of a rule.                                                           Operand1 is the number of                                                      arguments to pass; they                                                        have already been                                                              pushed onto the stack.                                                         Operand2 is an offset to                                                       the name of the rule to                                                        schedule.                                           ???? what is done with these args and queue name ???                                                      Pop all arguments from                                                         the stack.                                                                     Pop item1, which is the                                                        name of the queue for                                                          the asynchronous event                                                         and continue.                                       @DROP     112      1       Branch conditionally to                                                        an offset within a rule.                                                       Pop item1.                                                                     If item1 is not `Y`,                                                           branch to the offset                                                           given by operand1.                                  @NEXT     116      1       Branch unconditionally to                                                      an offset within a rule.                                                       Branch to the offset                                                           given by operand1.                                  @BRC      120      1       Branch conditionally to                                                        an offset within a rule.                                                       Check the return code set                                                      as a result of the last                                                        @TAM opcode.                                                                   If it is non-zero, branch                                                      to the offset given by                                                         operand1.                                           @FORI     124      0       Initialize for the                                                             execution of a FORALL                                                          loop.                                               @TAM      128      1       Call TAM to perform a                                                          table access request.                                                          Operand1 contains the                                                          number of arguments on                                                         the stack.                                                                     Build a parameter list                                                         from these arguments,                                                          and call TAM.                                                                  If the access was other                                                        than a FORALL or UNTIL                                                         . . DISPLAY, pop the                                                           arguments from the                                                             stack.                                                                         If the access was a                                                            FORALL or UNTIL . .                                                            DISPLAY and the return                                                         code is zero (end of                                                           occs.), pop the                                                                arguments, otherwise                                                           leave the arguments on                                                         the stack.                                                                     Save the return code from                                                      the TAM call.                                       @TAMP     132      1       Insert a reference into a                                                      TAM selection string or                                                        parameter list.                                                                Item1 is a value which is                                                      to be inserted into the                                                        selection string or                                                            parameter list.                                                                Item2 is the selection                                                         string or parameter                                                            list.                                                                          Operand1 is an offset in                                                       item2 where the                                                                reference                                                                      to item1 is to be                                                              inserted.                                                                      If necessary, create                                                           temporary copies of both                                                       item1 and item2.                                                               Insert the reference to                                                        item1 in item2 and pop                                                         item1.                                                                         (item2 will be popped                                                          during the course of                                                           executing the @TAM                                                             opcode).                                            @TAMN     136      1       Copy a table name into a                                                       TAM table name argument.                                                       Item1 is a table name                                                          which is to be passed                                                          to TAM.                                                                        Item2 is a 16 byte blank                                                       character string.                                                              Operand1 is an offset in                                                       item2 where the table                                                          name is to be copied.                                                          If necessary, create                                                           temporary copies of                                                            item1 and item2.                                                               Copy item1 into item2 and                                                      pop item1.                                                                     (item2 will be popped                                                          during the course of                                                           execution the @TAM                                                             opcode).                                            @SIGNAL   140      0       Raise an exception.                                                            Item1 is the name of the                                                       exception which is to be                                                       raised.                                                                        Pop item1 and raise the                                                        exception.                                                    144              UNUSED.                                             @ACALL    148      1       Call an action from the                                                        conditions.                                                                    Push the offset to the                                                         next instruction (the                                                          "return address") and                                                          branch to the offset                                                           given by operand1.                                  @ARETURN  152      0       Return from an action (to                                                      the conditions).                                                               Item1 is the offset of                                                         the next opcode to be                                                          executed.                                                                      Pop item1 and branch to                                                        that offset.                                        @EXEC     156      2       Execute a procedural                                                           rule.                                                                          Operand1 is the number of                                                      arguments to pass; they                                                        have already been pushed                                                       onto the stack.                                                                Operand2 is an offset to                                                       the name of the rule to                                                        execute; a positive                                                            offset is a reference to                                                       a name in the static                                                           data area.                                                                     A non-positive offset                                                          signifies an indirect                                                          rule name, in which case                                                       item1 contains the name                                                        of the rule to execute.                                                        On an indirect execution,                                                      item1 is popped.                                                               The enviornment of the                                                         current transaction is                                                         saved and a new                                                                transaction begins at the                                                      start of rule being                                                            executed.                                                     160              UNUSED.                                             @SETL     164      1       Assign a local variable a                                                      value.                                                                         Item1 is the value to be                                                       assigned.                                                                      Operand1 is the local                                                          variable.                                                                      Set data of operand1 to                                                        data of item1 and pop                                                          item1.                                              @WARG     168      2       Convert a list of                                                              arguments which are                                                            passed by name to a list                                                       of arguments passed by                                                         position.                                                                      The stack consists of                                                          parameter name/parameter                                                       value pairs.                                                                   Operand1 is the number of                                                      name/value pairs.                                                              Operand2 is an offset to                                                       the name of the rule                                                           being passed there                                                             args; a positive offset                                                        is a reference to a name                                                       in the static data area.                                                       A non-positive offset                                                          signifies an indirect                                                          rule name, in which case                                                       item1 contains the name                                                        of the rule.                                                                   On an indirect reference,                                                      item1 is popped.                                                               Pop all name/value pairs                                                       and push and values in                                                         positional order.                                   @NOT      172      0       Logically negate a value.                                                      Pop item1.                                                                     Create and push a                                                              temporary value of                                  (item1).                                                                                 176              UNUSED.                                                       180              UNUSED.                                             @XCALL    184      2       Transfercall a procedural                                                      rule.                                                                          Operand1 is the number of                                                      arguments to pass; they                                                        have already been pushed                                                       onto the stack.                                                                Operand2 is an offset to                                                       the name of the rule to                                                        transfercall; a positive                                                       offset is a reference to                                                       a name in the static data                                                      area.                                                                          A non-positive offset                                                          signifies an indirect                                                          rule name, in which case                                                       item1 contains the name                                                        of the rule to                                                                 transfercall.                                                                  On an indirect                                                                 transfercall, item1                                                            is popped.                                                                     The environment of the                                                         current transaction is                                                         discarded, and a new                                                           transaction begins at the                                                      start of the                                                                   transfercalled rule.                                ______________________________________                                    

RULE MODIFIABLE DATA

The virtual machine performs run time binding of references to objects named in the static data area, specifically rules, local variables and fields of tables. Binding involves a search for the object and occurs when an object is first referenced. The binding is remembered by storing the object's address (or "thread") in the modifiable data area. (See, Tables 55-56). Subsequent references to a bound object may simply use the thread since the address of an object is constant for an entire transaction.

The size of the modifiable area is calculated when a rule is translated from source to object code. This size is stored as the "Mod data" value in the rule header. The first time a rule is called during the course of a transaction, its modifiable data area is allocated and set to contain zeros. As the rule is executed, references to fields of tables, local variables and rules are bound by saving their addresses at the designated offset in this rule's modifiable area. The modifiable data area of a rule is deallocated when the transaction terminates.

                  TABLE 55                                                         ______________________________________                                         A table.field reference before binding                                          ##STR18##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

The modifiable data area is also used to save the names of indirect rule and indirect table.field references. As described in the Rule opcodes section, an indirect reference is denoted by a non-positive offset as an operand to the @RFIELD, @WFIELD, @CALL, @EXEC, @XCALL or @WARG opcodes. The non-positive offset indicates that the name of the rule or table.field being referenced is on the virtual machine stack. This name is saved in the modifiable data area at the absolute value of the offset along with its thread. (See, Tables 57-58).

                  TABLE 56                                                         ______________________________________                                         A table field reference after binding                                           ##STR19##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 57                                                         ______________________________________                                         An indirect rule call before binding                                            ##STR20##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 58                                                         ______________________________________                                         An indirect rule call after binding                                             ##STR21##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

RULE CODE SEQUENCES

Now that we have seen the various virtual machine instructions available, it is time to explore how they are put together to implement the various language features.

Conditions and Actions

The code generated for the condition section of a rule, amounts to sequences of "calls" (@ACALL) to the actions to be executed (the action list) when each condition is satisfied. These @ACALL opcodes may be "guarded" by code to evaluate a condition and an @DROP opcode which branches to the next condition if this one is not satisfied. An unguarded sequence of @ACALL opcodes may arise when there are no further conditions to evaluate.

The @ACALL opcode pushes the offset to the next instruction onto the stack and then branches to the action. The last opcode in an action is an @ARETURN which uses the saved offset to return to process the next action for the condition. An @RETURN opcode follows the last @ACALL in each sequence to return from the rule.

The main benefit of "calling" actions from the conditions is that the code for an action need only be generated once, even when the action is a member of more than one condition's action list.

An example is set out in Table 59.

                  TABLE 59                                                         ______________________________________                                         Source and object code for conditions and actions                              Rule source code:                                                              MAX (X, Y);                                                                    X < Y;                       Y     N                                           ______________________________________                                         RETURN(Y);                   1                                                 RETURN(X);                         1                                           ______________________________________                                         Rule object code:                                                              Offset                                                                               Opcode      Operands Comment                                             CONDITIONS                                                                     54  :     @PARM       1      Push value of X                                   57  :     @PARM       0      Push value of Y                                   5A  :     @LT                Pop X,Y and push X < Y                            5B  :     @DROP       62     IF X < Y THEN                                     5E  :     @ACALL      67      "Call" action at offset 67                       61  :     @RETURN            ELSE                                              62  :     @ACALL      6C      "Call" action at offset 6C                       65  :     @RETURN            ENDIF                                             66  :     @AEND              End of conditions                                 ACTIONS                                                                        67  :     @PARM       0      Push value of Y                                   6A  :     @RETURN            Return from the rule                              6B  :     @ARETURN           End of an action                                  6C  :     @PARM       1      Push value of X                                   6F  :     @RETURN            Return from the rule                              70  :     @ARETURN           End of an action                                  71  :     @AEND              End of actions                                    ______________________________________                                    

Assignments

The code generated for an assignment statement consists of the postfix representation of an expression followed by either an @SETL (assigning to a local variable) or an @SET (assigning to a field of a table). TABLE 60, shows a reference to an identifier G. At the time the rule ASSIGN is translated, it is not known whether G is a local variable defined in one of ASSIGN's ancestors, or a function which takes no arguments. The translator generates code assuming that G is a function and when the @FN opcode is executed, a check is made to determine if G is actually a local variable.

Rule Calls

Arguments to a rule may be passed by position or by name (using a WHERE clause). The code generated for rule calls when parameters are passed by position is very straightforward. First each argument is evaluated and made a temporary on the stack. This is followed by the @CALL (or @FN for a functional rule) opcode which takes the number of arguments and the name of the rule as its operands. When the @RETURN opcode in the rule being called is executed, all the arguments passed to the called rule are popped. If the called rule is a function, the return value is left on the top of the stack.

When arguments are passed by name, the code generated is slightly more complicated. Each argument is evaluated and made a temporary, just as it is when parameters are passed by position. However, the name of the formal parameter which each argument corresponds to, is also pushed, immediately after the argument. This results in parameter name followed by parameter value on the stack for each argument. Immediately preceding the @CALL opcode is the @WARG opcode. @WARG massages the name/value pairs on the stack into the same form as when arguments are passed by position. This allows the @CALL opcode to be executed unaware that the arguments were actually passed by name.

An example of code generated by a rule call is shown in Table 61.

Table Accesses

The Table Access Method, or TAM, is used to implement various language statements which access the database. The interface to TAM is quite simple: an @TAM opcode and N (between one and five) arguments on the run time stack. The code generated for table access statements first pushes the necessary arguments on the stack, and then calls TAM. After returning from TAM, the @TAM opcode pops its arguments (unless we are in the midst of performing an UNTIL . . . DISPLAY or a FORALL) and saves the code returned from TAM.

The first argument pushed onto the stack is always the TAM operation code. It tells TAM what kind of table access is being performed. The TAM operation code is the only required argument. Each of the others are optional and are only passed as needed.

                  TABLE 60                                                         ______________________________________                                         Source and object code for assignments                                         Rule source code:                                                              ASSIGN;                                                                        LOCAL L;                                                                       ______________________________________                                         L =(G + 1) * 4;                1                                               T.F = L;                       2                                               ______________________________________                                         Rule object code:                                                              Offset                                                                               Opcode      Operands Comment                                             CONDITIONS                                                                     46  :     @ACALL      4E       Call action 1                                   49  :     @ACALL      5F       Call action 2                                   4C  :     @RETURN              Return from the rule                            4D  :     @AEND                                                                ACTIONS                                                                        4E  :     @FN         0    G   Push value of G                                 53  :     @CONST      1        Push                                            56  :     @ADD                 Compute G + 1                                   57  :     @CONST      4        Push 4                                          5A  :     @MULT                Compute (G + 1) * 4                             5B  :     @SETL       L        Assign value to L                               5E  :     @ARETURN             Return from action 1                            5F  :     @FN         0    L   Push value of L                                 64  :     @WFIELD     T.F      Push value of T.F                               67  :     @SET                 Assign L to T.F                                 68  :     @ARETURN             Return from action 2                            69  :     @AEND                                                                ______________________________________                                    

The second argument is the name of the table or screen being accessed. This name is always padded out to be 16 characters in length. The third argument contains the list of parameter values for the table. Each element in this list is a four byte pointer to a value. Elements in the parameter list are inserted by the @TAMP opcode.

                                      TABLE 61                                     __________________________________________________________________________     code generated for rule calls.                                                 Rule source code:                                                              CALLS;                                                                         __________________________________________________________________________     CALL PARSE(`SELECTION`, `SELECT F = 5`);                                                                           1                                          CALL PARSE WHERE GRAMMAR =`SELECTION` & INPUT =                                                                    2                                          SELECT F = 5`;                                                                 Rule object code:                                                              Offset                                                                               Opcode   Operands  Comment                                               CONDITIONS                                                                     34 :  @ACALL   3C        Call action 1                                         37 :  @ACALL   4A        Call action 2                                         3A :  @RETURN            Return from the rule                                  3B :  @AEND                                                                    ACTIONS                                                                        3C :  @CONST   "SELECTION"                                                                              Push "SELECTION"                                      3F :  @TEMP              Make it a temp                                        40 :  @CONST   "SELECT F=5"                                                                             Push "SELECT F = 5"                                   43 :  @TEMP              Make it a temp                                        44 :  @CALL    2  PARSE  Call PARSE with 2 args                                49 :  @ARETURN           Return from action 1                                  4A :  @CONST   "SELECTION"                                                                              Push "SELECTION"                                      4D :  @TEMP              Make it a temp                                        4E :  @CONST   "GRAMMAR" Push name of formal                                   51 :  @CONST   "SELECT F=5"                                                                             Push "SELECT F = 5"                                   54 :  @TEMP              Make it a temp                                        55 :  @CONST   "INPUT"   Push name of formal                                   58 :  @WARG    2  PARSE  Convert to positional list                            5D :  @CALL    2  PARSE  Call PARSE with 2 args                                62 :  @ARETURN           Return from action 2                                  63 :  @AEND                                                                    __________________________________________________________________________

The fourth argument, which contains the selection that is to be applied to the table, is the most complicated to describe. Essentially it contains a postfix representation of the WHERE clause. It is comprised of one or more terms which are joined by logical operators. Each term begins with a field reference, is followed by an expression (made up of field references, values and arithmetic operators) and ends with a relational operator. Each field reference is 17 bytes long: a one byte binary code indicating that this is a field reference followed by the name of the field. Each value is a one byte binary code for value, followed by a four byte pointer to the value. Every operator is a single byte binary code, representing the particular operator. As with elements in the parameter list, the @TAMP opcode is used to insert references to values in the selection string.

The fifth argument contains any ordering that is to be applied to occurrences retrieved. Each term in the ordering string contains a 16 byte field name followed by either "A" or "D" to indicate whether that field should be ordered in Ascending or Descending fashion.

An example of the table access code is shown in Table 62.

Indirect References

Indirect references may be used to specify:

↓ a rule name (in the CALL, TRANSFERCALL or EXECUTE statements)

↓ a table or screen name in the various table access statements

↓ table and field names on the left hand side of an assignment, or in an expression.

The code generated for indirect references, first evaluates the reference by pushing it onto the stack. The opcode which uses the indirect references has a non-positive offset as one of its operands. The non-positive offset indicates that the name is on the run time stack (rather than in the static data area as is the case for direct references). An example of indirect reference code is set out in Table 63.

Indirect table and screen names for table access statements behave somewhat differently than described above. After the value of the table or screen name is pushed onto the stack, a special opcode (@TAMN) is generated. It pops this value and copies it into a temporary value on the top of the stack.

                                      TABLE 62                                     __________________________________________________________________________     Code generated for table accesses.                                             Rule source code:                                                              TABLEIO(T);                                                                    __________________________________________________________________________     GET TABLES;                              1                                     GET TABLES WHERE NAME = T;               2                                     FORALL @RULESDOCUMENT(LIBID) ORDERED ASCENDING CREATED:                                                                 3                                      END;                                                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Rule object code:                                                              Offset                                                                               Opcode   Operands        Comment                                         CONDITIONS                                                                     44 :  @ACALL   4F              Call action 1                                   47 :  @ACALL   59              Call action 2                                   4A :  @ACALL   6F              Call action 3                                   4D :  @RETURN                  Return from rule                                4E :  @AEND                                                                    ACTIONS                                                                        4F :  @CONST   "G"             Push TAM opcode                                 52 :  @CONST   "TABLES"        Push table name                                 55 :  @TAM     2               Call TAM (2 args)                               58 :  @ARETURN                 Return from act1                                59 :  @CONST   "G"             Push TAM opcode                                 5C :  @CONST   "TABLES"        Push table name                                 5F :  @CONST   " "             Push dummy parms                                62 :  @CONST   ".NAME  .  ."   Push select str.                                65 :  @PARM    0               Push value of T                                 68 :  @TAMP    14              Insert reference                                6B :  @TAM     4               Call TAM (4 args)                               6E :  @ARETURN                 Return from act2                                6F :  @FORI                    Init for FORALL                                 70 :  @CONST   "A"             Push TAM opcode                                 73 :  @CONST   "@RULESDOCUMENT "                                                                              Push table name                                 76 :  @CONST   "  "            Push table parm                                 79 :  @FN      0  LIBID        Call LIBID                                      7E :  @TAMP    2               Insert reference                                81 :  @CONST   "  "            Push dummy selstr                               84 :  @CONST   "CREATED   A"   Push order str.                                 87 :  @TAM 5                   Call TAM (5 args)                               8A :  @BRC     90              Cond. branch                                    8D :  @NEXT    87              Uncond. branch                                  90 :  @ARETURN                 Return from act3                                91 :  @AEND                                                                    __________________________________________________________________________

                  TABLE 63                                                         ______________________________________                                         Code generated for indirect references                                         Rule source code:                                                              UNDREFS(R,T);                                                                  ______________________________________                                         CALL R;                        1                                               (T).F = 7;                     2                                               DELETE T;                      3                                               ______________________________________                                         Rule object code:                                                              Offset                                                                               Opcode      Operands  Comment                                            CONDITIONS                                                                     44  :     @ACALL      4F      Call action 1                                    47  :     @ACALL      58      Call action 2                                    4A  :     @ACALL      66      Call action 3                                    4D  :     @RETURN             Return from the rule                             4E  :     @AEND                                                                ACTIONS                                                                        4F  :     @PARM       1       Push value of R                                  52  :     @CALL       0  -4   Indirect call                                    57  :     @ARETURN            Return from action 1                             58  :     @CONST      7       Push 7                                           5B  :     @CONST      "F"     Push "F" (field name)                            5E  :     @PARM       0       Push value of T (table)                          61  :     @WFIELD     -18     Push val of indirect t.f                         64  :     @SET                Assign 7 to field                                65  :     @ARETURN            Return from action 2                             66  :     @CONST      "D"     Push TAM opcode                                  69  :     @CONST      "    "  Push dummy table name                            6C  :     @PARM       0       Push value of T                                  6F  :     @TAMN       0       Put tab name into dummy                          72  :     @TAM        2       Call TAM (2 args)                                75  :     @ARETURN            Return from action 3                             76  :     @AEND                                                                ______________________________________                                    

VI. Transaction Processor

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of the transaction processor which implements the virtual stack machine for execution of the object code level rules, as described in the preceding section.

The virtual stack machine is a software module 100 which manages execution of the rules. When a session begins, the virtual stack machine 100 retrieves a plurality of rule libraries 101 and establishes a set of buffers 102. In addition, an opcode table 103 is established and a stack 104 is set up. The buffers include a data management area 102A, a working area 102B, and a temporary area 102C.

In execution, the virtual stack machine generates an instruction pointer across line 105 to the rule libraries 101. A stack pointer is generated and supplied across line 106 to the stack. The virtual stack machine 100 communicates with the opcode table 103 across line 107, and the buffers 102 across line 108. Data access instructions are passed to the table access machine across line 109. The virtual stack machine executes the algorithm as follows:

1. Fetch opcode pointed to by the instruction pointer in the rule;

2. Lookup opcode in opcode table 103 to retrieve the host system routine identified by the opcode;

3. Dispatch the host system routine;

4. Advance the instruction pointer;

5. Return to the fetch opcode step.

FIG. 17 provides an example of execution by the virtual stack machine for calling a rule named "CHECKTRAIL". In this example, the CHECKTRAIL rule includes two parameters, including `TORONTO` and PERSON. The rule object code is stored in the rule library at the location 120. The instruction pointer will be advanced from the top code @CONST `TORONTO` to the last object @CALL 2, offset, where the offset is indicated by the line 121. The offset identifies the position within the static data area of the rule where the rule name CHECKTRAIL with offset 122 is stored. The offset 122 stores a location in the modifiable area of the rule at which the value for the CHECKTRAIL object code is stored. The value points across line 123 to the location in the rule library 124 at which CHECKTRAIL can be found. The stack 125 is impacted as follows:

First, in response to the @CONST opcode, the value of the variable TORONTO is placed in the working area of the vertical stack machine. In response to the @TEMP opcode, a temporary copy of the TORONTO parameter is stored. The stack is loaded with an offset 126 to the value 127 for the temporary copy 128. Next, the parameter `PERSON` is moved into the working area of the virtual stack machine and a temporary copy is made. The stack is loaded with a pointer 129 to the value 130 of the temporary copy of the constant PERSON 131. Next, the @CALL 2, offset rule is executed. If the offset in the @CALL opcode points to the name and offset in the static data area of the rule to be called, the value which identifies the location in the rule store of the rule to be called is stored in the modifiable data area at the location 132 identified by the offset 122. The instruction pointer in the virtual stack machine is then moved to the location in the rule store 124 at which CHECKTRAIL is found, and CHECKTRAIL is executed.

The rule libraries 101 shown in FIG. T consist of a plurality of rule libraries. When a @CALL opcode is executed, a search for the appropriate rule is carried out by rule name. The rule can be found as rule object code in one of the libraries, as a built in function or sub-routine (e.g., the ENTER key sub-routine which responds to user input), a customer defined external routine which is written perhaps in a different source language like Cobal or PL1, or it could be a local variable reference, rather than a call to an actual rule. Thus, the rule name search proceeds first through the list of local variables in the rule from which the statement was executed, second, through the local rules library which is set up by the user for a given session, next, through an installation rules library which is a standard set of routines established by a customer for a given execution and programming environment, fourth, through a built in routines library which includes all the standard functions of the operating system, fifth, through a system rules library which stores the Huron system rules which are utilized in the data management and other built in operations, and sixth and finally, through a library of external routines.

When a rule is called, from a prior rule, such as a session manager, the stack of the prior rule is saved in a context save area in the stack before execution of the subsequent rule is begun. The stack pointer returns to the prior rule upon execution of a return statement.

The data management area 102A in the virtual stack machine contains the tables through which rule name searches are carried out. These tables are shown in FIG. 18. For the rule names, a rule name hash table 150 is generated, which is 127 entries long. Each entry in the rule name hash includes a pointer to a first rule which hashes into that entry. For instance, a pointer 151 to the CHECKTRAIL rule may be the first entry. The CHECKTRAIL rule will store a pointer 152 to a second rule which corresponds to that entry in the hash table (e.g., the SHORT rule shown in the Figure). The SHORT rule then includes a pointer 153 to a subsequent entry down to the end of the list which hashes into a given location in the rule name hash table.

If a called rule is not located in the hash table, then it must be retrieved through the table access machine and inserted into the rule library for the session.

FIG. 19 shows the table definition built in the data management area in the virtual stack machine. The table name is first hashed into a table name hash table 160. Then entry in the hash table 160 points to a table list 161 which is searched to find the name of the table "FRUIT" of interest. This entry includes a first pointer 162 to a parameter list 163 and a second pointer 164 to a field list 165 for the table. This field list includes a pointer 166 to the row buffer 167 for the occurrence of the table which has the field of interest.

The virtual stack machine maintains buffer for all data accesses and local variables. So, whenever a rule program says

    GET CARS WHERE LIC.sub.-- PLATE=`878BBC`;

the VSM has to acquire the dictionary information for the table CARS and establish a buffer for it.

Likewise, when a rule program says

    CUSTOMER.NAME=INPUT.NAME;

without having issued a data access command, the virtual stack machine must acquire the dictionary information for the table CUSTOMER and establish a buffer for it.

As soon as a buffer for a particular table has been established, it is henceforth available for all rules in the current transaction. The virtual stack machine keeps track of which fields and which tables have been assigned a value, either through a GET or FORALL command or through an assignment statement.

The virtual stack machine acquires the dictionary to populate its data management area exactly as any application program would, by issuing a set of access commands:

    GET TABLES WHERE NAME=TABLE NAME;

    FORALL FIELDS (TABLE NAME);

    FORALL PARMS (TABLE NAME).

The uniform view of dictionary data and other data are strictly preserved above the table access machine. No component of the system above the table access machine sees unnormalized dictionary data.

VII. The Table Access Machine

The table access machine is illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 20.

This machine or method consists of a host assembler software module 200 which communicates with the virtual stack machine across line 201. This module 200 establishes buffers 202 including a data management area buffer 202A and a working area 202B. In addition, the table access method module 200 provides an interface 401 for a plurality of servers including a TDS server 203 for the native table data store, an IMS server 204 for data stored within an IMS data base associated with the host machine, a screen server 205 which provides an interface to display systems coupled to the host machine, import/export server (not shown), and other servers which are required for retrieval of data through the table access method 200 to the virtual stack machine. Coupled with the servers across interface 402 is a selection evaluator module 206 which interprets selection strings at the server level.

The Table Access Method (TAM) is the component of the system, which manages all data access in the system, and effectively is the owner of the dictionary tables and repository of all other tables used by a session.

A call to TAM has the following information:

1. Operation

2. address of data and return areas

3. Table name

4. Parameters

5. Selection string

6. Ordering string

The operations are:

A: First request of a FORALL

B: Subsequent request of a FORALL

I: Insert

G: Get with key

N: Get without key

R: Replace

D: Delete

S: Display screen

C: Commit

O: Rollback

T: Transaction end

On the first request for a particular table, TAM will acquire a CTABLE from the Table Data store. The CTABLE is a control block consisting of the dictionary data in unnormalized form. The CTABLE is used for processing by both TAM and all the data servers, of which TDS is one. The CTABLE contains the equivalent data as in TABLES, FIELDS, PARMS, SELECTION, ORDERING and EVENTRULES.

Note that TAM acquires the CTABLE for a table as soon as it is given a call like:

    GET TABLES WHERE NAME=tablename;

Normally, this means that a component above TAM wants to build a buffer for <tablename> and therefore immediately after the GET request will issue a

    FORALL FIELDS(tablename); and a

    FORALL PARMS(tablename);

These requests are serviced by TAM out of the CTABLE.

Besides the CTABLE, TAM sets up data structures for data rows, where the last row accessed are maintained, as well as an Intentlist of pending updates to the data servers.

POSITIONING

TAM manages positioning within the data bases. The data servers like TDS process requests from TAM one by one, without keeping any information from request to request. Only the LOCK MANAGER (within TDS) keeps information for the duration of a transaction.

In the case of a parameterized table, TAM maintains a buffer and a position for each table accessed within the table set.

INTENT LIST

When a REPLACE, INSERT or DELETE request is received by TAM, it will ascertain that the request is possible by asking the server, if the occurrence is there (DELETE and REPLACE) or is not there (INSERT), and will acquire the necessary exclusive lock on the occurrence. Thereafter TAM will place the REPLACE, INSERT or DELETE occurrence in the Intentlist (work to do list), until it receives a COMMIT, ROLLBACK or TRANSACTION₋₋ END request.

SUBVIEWS

TAM performs the conversions between subviews and logical views, consisting of:

* Data conversions between different representations

* Projections (subview contains fewer fields than logical view)

* Selection (subview contains fewer rows than logical view)

* Ordering (different from logical view)

* Derived or calculated fields

A subview is effectively a window into a logical view, which never materializes in storage, only appears in buffers during the execution. To the user and VSM, however, there is no apparent difference between a subview and a logical view table.

DERIVED FIELDS, VALIDATION AND TRIGGERS

Derived fields are fields of a subview, which are calculated during the GET or FORALL processing. Validation and trigger rules are executed on the basis of EVENTRULES information.

In all 3 cases, TAM issues a (recursive) call to the virtual stack machine to execute a rule. The table buffer, on which the validation or trigger is scheduled is shared by the recursion levels, as is the intent list.

TEMPORARY TABLES

TAM implements the concept of temporary tables, which exist only during a transaction (in the TAM data areas), but does not materialize in any data server like TDS.

ORDERING

TAM performs all the necessary sorting for both subviews and for FORALL requests with ordering which is different from the ordering maintained by the data server.

DIRECTING

Data access requests are directed to the appropriate server on basis of the information in the TABLES table for the particular table.

FIG. 21 is a conceptual diagram of the TAM buffer storage area. The TAM buffer storage area includes an anchor storage area 250 which includes the table index. This table index points to a set of CTABLES 251 which buffers the CTABLE for each of the tables T1-T3 and so on.

In addition, the buffer pointer for a given table T1 points to a set 252 of buffers for the table T1. This set 252 includes an index 253 for triggers and parameters for table 1. This index points to the actual data occurrence buffers 254, 255, 256, and so on, as required. In addition, the index page 253 points to other T1 information, such as selection strings and the like, in page 257. In addition, the intent list for table T1 is maintained in pages 258 and 259, as required.

The anchor storage 250, in addition, points to free buffers in a set 260, which includes a plurality of single linked empty buffers.

The buffering is sequential and forward. The table anchors are cleared at a transaction end in response to the "T" opcode.

FIG. 22 is a chart showing the table types versus the table opcodes which are executable over those table types. The FIG. is basically self-explanatory, except that the table type SUB, which is a sub-view of either a TDS table type 1 or an IMS table type 2. In addition, the IMP type tables and the EXP type tables have a parameter PARM1 which is equal to the PDS member.

FIG. 23 schematically illustrates the CTABLE formation in the table access machine. The CTABLE is a table of characteristics of a corresponding table stored in a buffer 280. This buffer is generated from raw data 281 which is retrieved from the dictionary tables 282 in the table data store. These dictionary tables are in turn maintained in the balanced storage structures 283 of the table data store just as all other data in the system. Thus, the metadata in a CTABLE is stored in the relational, object-oriented data base upon which the transaction is executing.

However, "meta-meta-data" is hard coded. That is, the dictionary structure is established for the user and cannot be changed. Thus, there must be the minimum set of dictionary tables for a given transaction to successfully complete.

A given CTABLE is bound for the duration of a transaction. Thus, after it has been retrieved, upon the first call to a portion of a table, all subsequent calls to that table are served by the CTABLE in the transaction storage area of the table access machine.

FIG. 24 is a representation of a source table (T) and a sub-view table (S). A sub-view is a map of some rectangle within the source table. Thus, as can be seen in FIG. 24, the sub-view includes the first and third columns of rows 2, 3 and 5 of the source table T. This sub-view is implemented by the table access machine with one set of data buffers, but two CTABLES. A sub-view is built for each occurrence at interface time. Derived fields, however, are generated only from the source table. Thus, in response to a request in the rule that needs access to the sub-view table S, the table access machine will build a control table for both the source table T and the sub-view table S.

The access will occur in the table data store to the source table T. Thus, a source table page will be returned to the table access machine. The table access machine then buffers the page, converts it to the logical subview, and returns the first occurrence in the sub-view to the executor.

Triggers can be executed from sub-views as event rules and otherwise in response to entries in the CTABLE for a given table. When a rule is called, the calling rule execution environment is saved, TAM sends the triggered rule to the executor for interpretation. The triggered rule can also issue table operations which will cause the executor to recurse to the table access machine. Upon completion of the triggered rule, control is returned back to the calling rule.

Parameterized tables are implemented in the access model, but not at the occurrence level. Thus, they are executed in a manner similar to sub-views. These parameterized tables allow concatenated keys, improved concurrency, save storage space in the virtual machines, and simplify archiving. They are executed by building a parameter table in the table access machine out of the dictionary in the table data store. This control table is built in response to the "P" call to the table data store from TAM. The table access machine then transfers the parameter occurrences to the executor for entry in the table lookup indexes.

TAM will retrieve data from the table data store from the source table. It builds a buffer for the source table and then will perform the parameter selections prior to sending occurrences to the executor.

Also, sub-view selection can specify a source parameter name on RHS of the operator.

Temporary tables and intent lists are created by the table access machine with the same code. The difference is that temporary tables also allow selection. These tables are searched in a linear manner. However, access can be random, unlike other table buffers.

FIG. 25 shows the code and insertions in an intent list for a given operation. See the intent list stores the intent to store the value k=5 and the value k=4. The FORALL statement executed at the end invokes the sort to establish the insertion. Other operators like replace, delete, and get use the intent list in a similar manner.

FIG. 26 is a conceptual diagram of transactions. This object-oriented operating system, according to the present invention, is transaction oriented. Thus, the executor determines a transaction, and the table access machine operates with recognition of the transaction. This allows operations to be broken down into small pieces for concurrency and integrity. Also, it can be user transparent or implicit, except for transfer call and execute functions. At transaction start, as shown in FIG. 26, a first rule is CALL at point 300. This rule is executed until a second rule is called at point 301. This second rule is implemented by the executor with recursive calls to the table access machine. The second rule may call a third rule at point 302. This third rule executes until it completes operation and issues a return to the second rule at point 303. The second rule then completes execution and issues a return to the first rule at point 304. The first rule then completes execution and ends. Conceptually, the first rule could be considered a session manager in which it presents menu screens to an operator. The operator then invokes a second rule to perform a given application. This second rule may include any number of transaction levels as required by the given application.

The table access machine also executes a two-phase lock protocol for objects in the data base. All locks are cleared at transaction end and cannot be made "weaker" during a transaction. The locks are requested by the table access machine and granted, or not, by the native access method server, such as the table data store or the server of other types of data sources.

The table access machine also builds selection strings for transfer to a selection evaluator which is associated with the table data store server or other native data store server. Selection evaluator is called by a server. The server supplies a row from a table, along with a selection string. There are no data definitons passed to the selection evaluator. The selection evaluator carries out the selection operation. Results of the selection are returned to the table access machine by the appropriate server.

To access the various tables, screens, and other subsystems in the subject data processing system, object code routines in the VSM build @TAM arguments, which are forwarded to TAM on the VSM <------> TAM interface. TAM communicates various requests to the Servers which perform the actual accessing of the tables, screens, etc. The Servers may in turn forward requests to the Selection Evaluator, which performs evaluations and returns responses to the Servers. The Servers then return data or answers to TAM, which forwards them to the VSM object code routines.

Tam <----> Server Interface

TAM communicates with the various entities of the computing environment via Servers. There are Servers for screens, IMS, import/export, native table data store, and other entities. TAM sends a request to a Server, followed by one or more data strings. A data string begins with a 1-byte length indicator if the string is less than 128 bytes in length (bit 0 clear), or a 2-byte length indicator (bit 0 set) if the string is greater than 127 bytes in length. Table 64 lists the valid Server requests which TAM may make:

                  TABLE 64                                                         ______________________________________                                         (Valid TAM --> Server Requests)                                                Code              Name                                                         ______________________________________                                         C                 Ctable request                                               R                 Release locks                                                G                 Get                                                          N                 Next                                                         P                 Next Parameter                                               ______________________________________                                    

Tables 65-69 give detailed information about the data contents of the request and return communications for each of the request codes:

                  TABLE 65 (C)                                                     ______________________________________                                         TAM --> Server C request:                                                      Byte Offset                                                                              Length        Contents                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2             Message length                                         2         4             Transaction ID                                         6         1             Request code                                           7         3             Type of data                                           10        variable      Tablename,                                                                     UserID, and                                                                    GroupID data                                                                   strings                                                Server --> TAM C return:                                                       Byte Offset                                                                              Length        Contents                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2             Message length                                         2         2             Return code                                            4         4             Transaction ID                                         8         variable      CTable data string                                     ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 66 (R)                                                     ______________________________________                                         TAM --> Server R request:                                                      Byte Offset                                                                               Length         Contents                                             ______________________________________                                         0          2              Message length                                       2          4              Transaction ID                                       6          1              Request code                                         Server --> TAM R return:                                                       Byte Offset                                                                               Length         Contents                                             ______________________________________                                         0          2              Message length                                       2          2              Return code                                          4          4              Transaction ID                                       ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 67 (G)                                                     ______________________________________                                         TAM --> Server G request:                                                      Byte Offset                                                                              Length       Contents                                                ______________________________________                                         0         2            Message length                                          2         4            Transaction ID                                          6         1            Request code                                            7         1            Lock                                                    8         variable     Tablename,                                                                     Parameters, and                                                                Key Value data strings                                  Server --> TAM G return:                                                       Byte Offset                                                                              Length       Contents                                                ______________________________________                                         0         2            Message length                                          2         2            Return code                                             4         4            Transaction ID                                          8         variable     Table Row data string                                   ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 68 (N)                                                     ______________________________________                                         TAM --> Server N request:                                                      Byte Offset                                                                              Length        Contents                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2             Message length                                         2         4             Transaction ID                                         6         1             Request code                                           7         1             Lock                                                   8         variable      Tablename,                                                                     Parameters,                                                                    Last Row,                                                                      Selection,                                                                     Keyname Ordering,                                                              and                                                                            Keyname .linevert split.op.linevert split. Value                               data strings                                           Server --> TAM N return:                                                       Byte Offset                                                                              Length        Contents                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2             Message length                                         2         2             Return code                                            4         4             Transaction ID                                         8         variable      Table Rows data                                                                string                                                 ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 69 (P)                                                     ______________________________________                                         TAM --> Server P request:                                                      Byte Offset                                                                              Length        Contents                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2             Message length                                         2         4             Transaction ID                                         6         1             Request code                                           7         1             Lock                                                   8         variable      Tablename,                                                                     Last Parameter Set,                                                            and                                                                            Selection data                                                                 strings                                                Server --> TAM P return:                                                       Byte Offset                                                                              Length        Contents                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2             Message length                                         2         2             Return code                                            4         4             Transaction ID                                         8         variable      Parameter Sets data                                                            string                                                 ______________________________________                                    

Additionally, an Update (synchronization) message may be sent by TAM. Table 70 gives detailed information about the data content of that message and its return answer:

                  TABLE 70                                                         ______________________________________                                         (Update)                                                                        ##STR22##                                                                     Byte OffsetLengthContents                                                      ______________________________________                                          ##STR23##                                                                      ##STR24##                                                                     Byte OffsetLengthContents                                                      ______________________________________                                          ##STR25##                                                                     ______________________________________                                    

Server---->Selection Evaluator Interface

TAM may send to the Servers various messages which include information which must be forwarded to the Selection Evaluator for processing. The Selection Evaluator expects the following registers to contain the indicated data:

    ______________________________________                                         Register    Contents                                                           ______________________________________                                         15          address of entry point into Selection                                          Evaluator                                                          13          address of standard save area                                      01          address of parameter list                                          ______________________________________                                    

The parameter list contains, at the given byte offsets, the following information:

    ______________________________________                                         Byte Offset    Contents                                                        ______________________________________                                         0              address of selection string                                     4              address of table row to be                                                     compared                                                        8              address of 4080-byte work area                                  ______________________________________                                    

A selection string consists of a 2-byte length field followed by one or more selection terms in postfix notation. Each selection term begins with a 1-byte opcode, and can be grouped into the categories listed in Table 71:

                  TABLE 71                                                         ______________________________________                                         (Selection Terms)                                                              Term Type      Function                                                        ______________________________________                                         Operator       1 - byte arithmetic,                                                           relational, or logical opcode                                   Field reference                                                                               1-byte opcode (`44`) followed                                                  by a 6-byte field descriptor                                                   and a 2-byte field number                                       Offset reference                                                                              1-byte opcode (`4C`) followed                                                  by a 6-byte field descriptor                                                   and a 2-byte offset of the                                                     field in the row. Used for                                                     Temporary, Import, Screen, and                                                 IMS tables.                                                     Value          1-byte opcode (`48`) followed                                                  by a 6-byte value descriptor                                                   and a value. Values begin                                                      with a 1-byte (length < 128,                                                   bit 0 clear) or 2-byte                                                         (length > 127, bit 0 set)                                                      length prefix.                                                  ______________________________________                                    

Detailed information about the contents of the field and value descriptors, and selection string term opcodes are given in Tables 72 and 73, respectively:

                  TABLE 72                                                         ______________________________________                                         (6-byte Field and Value Descriptors)                                           Byte Offset                                                                              Length      Contents                                                 ______________________________________                                         0         1           semantic type                                            1         1           data syntax                                              2         2           maximum data length                                      4         2           number of decimal places                                 ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 73                                                         ______________________________________                                         (Hexadecimal Opcodes)                                                          Opcode   Function                                                              ______________________________________                                         (Arithmetic)                                                                   `04`     +             (addition)                                              `08`     -             (subtraction)                                           `0C`     *             (multiplication)                                        `10`     /             (division)                                              `14`     **            (exponential)                                           `18`     -             (unary minus)                                           `1C`     .linevert split. .linevert split.                                                            (concatenation)                                         (Relational)                                                                   `20`     =             (equal)                                                 `24`     =             (not equal)                                             `28`     <             (less than)                                             `2C`     <=            (less than or equal)                                    `30`     >             (greater than)                                          `34`     >=            (greater than or equal)                                 (Logical)                                                                      `38`     &             (and)                                                   `3C`     .linevert split.                                                                             (or)                                                    `40`                   (not)                                                   (Other)                                                                        `44`     R             (reference to i'th field                                                       in row)                                                 `48`     V             (value)                                                 `4C`     O             (reference to field at                                                         offset in row)                                          `54`     @             (parameter replaced in                                                         selection and always                                                           evaluates to true)                                      `BC`     LIKE          (relation)                                              ______________________________________                                    

The LIKE relational operator has two operands: a field name and a pattern. The result of the relation is true if the value of the field in the row matches the pattern. The pattern may include the wildcards: `*` (any string of zero or more characters) and `?` (any one character).

The table row passed by address to the Selection Evaluator may be in either of two formats: Expanded Variable Length Row format (used with Temporary, Import, Screen, and IMS tables), or Variable Length Row format (used elsewhere).

Variable Length Row format begins with a 2-byte row length designator, which gives the length of the entire row including the designator itself. Appended to the row length designator are one or more fields, the first field being a "key" field. Each such field begins with a 1-byte field length indicator if the field length is less than 128 bytes excluding the length indicator (bit 0 clear), or 2-byte field length indicator if the length is greater than 127 bytes (bit 0 set). The value of the field is represented in the given number of bytes. Blanks are removed from the right end of all fields containing syntax characters. If a requested field is not present in the row, the field is assumed to have a null value.

Expanded Variable Length Row format differs slightly, in that no row length designator is used. Also, fixed numbers of bytes are reserved for each field's value, with the length indicator for each field merely indicating how many of those bytes are actually used. The final difference is that if a requested field is not present in the row, the row is not selected unless the field is being compared with a null string.

Selection Evaluator---->Server Interface

Upon return, the Selection Evaluator will pass, to the Servers, the following return codes in register 15:

    ______________________________________                                         Return Code    Reason                                                          ______________________________________                                         0              row matches selection criteria                                  4              row does not match selection                                                   criteria                                                        8              error detected                                                  ______________________________________                                    

If an error is detected, the Selection Evaluator will return, in the work area, the data shown in Table 74.

                  TABLE 74                                                         ______________________________________                                         (Selection Evaluator Return)                                                   Byte Offset                                                                              Length         Meaning                                               ______________________________________                                         0         2              error code where:                                                             Code   Meaning                                         ______________________________________                                                                 1      overflow                                                                2      underflow                                                               3      conversion                                                              4      division by zero                                                        5      result of                                                                      exponential                                                                    operation is                                                                   imaginary                                       2         2              error message length                                                           indicator                                             4         variable       error message text                                    ______________________________________                                    

The error message text may contain strings of the form "% Fnnnn", where "nnnn" is a four-digit field number for Variable Length Row format or a four-digit field offset for a fixed length format row. For example, an error message may read `TYPE ERROR, FIELD "% F0010" COMPARED WITH TYPE IDENTIFIER` and the calling entity may then substitute the appropriate field name into the string in lieu of "% F0010".

Thus, a table access can be summarized as beginning with a table access statement in the object code of the executor. The object code thus includes the code which builds the @TAM arguments, and constants to be used by such arguments. This code can be rebuilt individual form at the source level by the rule editor. The table access statement in object code is then translated into a @TAM opcode format. This includes the opcode, table names, parameters, selection strings, ordering information onto the stack. The values are stored in descriptor format, and based on data management data structures. The accesses are made using field names. Next, the TABLE ACCESS MACHINE INTERFACE is executed, which the opcode, table name, parameters, selection strings, and ordering are set out in machine code format.

The server then performs a necessary communication with the native data store to return the identified occurrences. The selection evaluator is invoked by the server when appropriate.

VIII. Dynamic Binding

The dynamic binding carried out in the virtual stack machine can be summarized as implementation with three major steps. First, the rule object code is implemented with a modifiable data area. Second, the executor builds hash tables for rules and tables by which objects to be bound can be quickly found. Third, at a log on of a session, the virtual stack machine buffers fixed data, including rules from system and installation libraries, and the fixed table definitions for the dictionaries and the like.

Objects in a rule which are not bound include rules or data stored in tables. When a rule calls another rule by a name, the rule will include an offset to a position in the modifiable data area of the rule at which the value of the rule to be called can be stored. The executor then searches for the rule by name through the hash tables and its buffers. If it is not found in the hash tables, then a call to the table access machine is executed to insert the buffer and the proper values in the hash tables. When the buffer for the rule to be called is found by the executor, then the value of the buffer is inserted into the modifiable portion of the rule. Similarly, when an object is called by a table and field name by a rule, that table is found by the virtual stack machine through hash tables or libraries. The value for the occurrence of the table in which the called field is found is then stored in the modifiable portion of the rule at the specified offset.

All objects in the data base can be bound at execution time using these formats. In fact, the rule binding is the same as the table.field binding, except that the table in which a rule is found is determined by searching a predetermined set of libraries as described above.

At log on of a session, a good number of the data tables from the table data store and other storage systems associated with the host can be retrieved into the virtual stack machines buffers to minimize the calls through the table access machine and the native data stores during execution of a rule.

IX. Table Data Store

The table data store is the native access method for the object-oriented operating system according to the present invention. Data in this system is stored in a balanced structure where each table is ordered on the primary key within the table. The basic structure of the access method implemented by the table data store is shown in FIG. 27. The table data store consists of a table index page 500. The table index page includes a list of table names with pointers to a parameter index page 501 where appropriate. Other entries in the table index page point directly to a primary key index 503. Entries in the parameter index page 501 point to a primary key index 502. The primary key index is a balanced binary tree 507 based on the B+ tree organization ordered on the primary key (where index 502 is the top of the tree). The bottom of the B+ tree points to the actual link to data pages which store occurrences for the table.

The parameter index 501 or the table index page 500 can point also to a secondary key index 508. Secondary key index 508 points to lower sets 509 of indexes on a secondary key based on the B+ key structure. These indexes point to the same linked data pages 510 as the B+ tree on the primary key 507.

The page layout for all page types is shown in FIG. 28. The page includes a 32 byte header 520. The header consists of the page number 521, a previous page pointer 522, a next page pointer 523, a page type indicator 524, and a date value 525. A time stamp 526 is included, as well as a transaction I.D. 527, a check point number 528, the number of rows in the page 529, and the size of each row in the page 530. A data area 531 consists of 4,051 bytes of raw data. At the end of the page, a 13 byte record definition area is reserved for VSAM INFORMATION 532 used by the host system.

A record within the page stores a row of the table in the format as follows:

    LL/l/value/l/value/l/value . . . l/value/l/value,

where LL is equal to a 2 byte length of the row, l is equal to a 1 or 2 byte length for the value, and the value is the actual data entry or a null value.

A primary index record is of the following format:

    value/pointer.

A secondary index record is of the format:

    secondary key value/primary key value/pointer.

A group index entry is of the format:

    parm/parm/ . . . /pointer.

The B+ tree automatically balances the data structure. Whenever more than two entries in a given level of the tree are created, the B+ tree automatically implements an independent level of the tree according to well know techniques.

Accordingly, searches for occurrences in a table by the primary key are carried out very quickly. For searches on non-ordered fields, an entire table must be retrieved to the server for selection or the table access machine for creating a sub-view or the like.

X. Translator/Detranslator

The creation and modification of rules is accomplished through the interaction of three components: an editor, a translator and a detranslator. The rule editor is an interactive tool which allows a user to make testual changes to a rule's contents. The translator converts a rule's textual image into "virtual machine code", which may be executed by Huron's virtual machine. The detranslator performs the inverse transformation: it produces a textual representation of a rule from its virtual machine image.

When a rule is edited, the detranslator transforms its virtual machine code into a tokenized representation of the source. The composer then takes the tokenized form and builds the line by line textual representation of the rule. This is what is displayed to the user by the editor. As chanhges are made by the user, the scanner performs lexical analysis of the lines that are updated. Lexical analysis converts the lines into their tokenized form, ready for input to the translator. When the user saves a rule, the translator parses it and, if valid, generates the virtual machine code for the rule. Once the rule is saved in its executable form, the rule's text is discarded.

FIG. 29 provides an overview of the translator/detranslator system. It operates by scanning the rule source code 600 which translates it into a tokenized source code 601. The translator then generates the virtual machine code 602. Virtual machine code is detranslated to a tokenized source code 603 when required by a user for editing. It is supplied back to the user by a composer as rule source code.

The tokenized source code consists of data stored in a TOKENS table built by the detranslator and parameterized by logical line. A lexical analyzer is used to modify the TOKENS table. This table consists of the following fields:

INDEX--the primary key;

STRING--the text of the token;

TYPE--the type of token;

LEN--the character length of the token;

DEC--the number of digits to the right of the decimal points of the token;

TABREF.MARK--indicates whether this token is part of a table.field reference.

Tokens which are too long for the TOKENS table are stored in the LONG₋₋ STRINGS table. This includes tokens greater than 16 characters in length, quoted strings, and large numbers. This table is comprised of the following fields:

INDEX--primary key;

STRING--test of token;

TYPE--type of token;

LEN--character length of the token;

DEC--the number of digits to the right of the decimal point.

This LONG₋₋ STRING table is identified in the TOKENS table by inserting in the TYPE field "long string", and by inserting an index to the LONG₋₋ STRINGS table in the LEN field.

A typical TOKENS table and LONG₋₋ STRINGS table are shown in FIG. 30. The logical line is shown at 1000, and the tokenized representation of the line is shown in the tables 1001, 1002.

The translator converts tokenized representation of the rule into virtual machine code. It performs context free syntax checking and some context sensitive syntax checking. Further, it generates the threaded object code suitable for run time binding.

The algorithm structure is written in rules of the object-oriented operating system. It performs a top down recursive descent translation algorithm in which the language syntax is hard coded in conditions. The translator converts the infix form of the rules language to the postfix form of the object language suitable for execution on the stack machine. Finally, it saves information about rule data. The translator generates the rule object code in the format described above. The modifiable data area is actually allocated only at run time.

A rule may contain a variety of data types including constants that are literally in the program or generated by the translator, exception handler names, global (unbound) names, such as a rule or local variable, and table.field names. The translator maintains a table for each kind of data item called CONSTANTS, EXCEPTIONS, SYMTAB, and TABLE₋₋ REFS, respectively. It also maintains a table known as RELOCATION which allows dummy references to data items to be resolved by the translator.

The CONSTANT table contains the following fields:

INDEX₋₋ PRIMARY KEY;

STRING₋₋ TEXT OF CONSTANT;

TYPE--semantic type (always "S");

SYNTAX--internal representation;

LEN--number of bytes;

DEC--number of digits to the right of the decimal point;

REAL₋₋ ADDRESS--offset to the constant.

Thus, the object code format of a constant can be generated from the CONSTANTS table.

The SYMTAB table contains information about rules, such as local variable, parameters, and global unbound names directly or indirectly called in the rule. The field of the SYMTAB table include:

IDENT--primary key (identifier name);

KIND--parameter, local or global;

REF--the offset to the data item (negative if an indirect name);

INDEX--unique within the kind (key).

Again, the parameters and locals and globals in the object code format can be generated from the SYMTAB table. The TABLE₋₋ REFS table contains information about the table.field references. The fields include the following:

INDEX--primary key;

TABLE₋₋ NAME--name of the table (quote if indirect);

FIELD₋₋ NAME--name of the field (quote if indirect);

REAL₋₋ ADDRESS--the offset to the data item (negative if either name is indirect).

Again, it can be seen that the table.field references within the object code can be generated from this table.

The RELOCATION table contains information about "dummy" references to data objects. It is used to resolve these references once data objects have been allocated. The RELOCATION table includes the following fields:

OCCUR₋₋ ADDR--the offset to the dummy reference;

TYPE--the kind of dummy reference (constant, global, . . . );

TABLE₋₋ INDEX--the index to the corresponding table;

OFFSET--this contains the offset to the object.

Once all data objects have been allocated, the translator traverses the RELOCATION table and resolves all references to these objects.

The EXCEPTION table contains the following fields:

EX₋₋ NUM--the primary key;

IDENT--the exception name;

FORALL#--the loop number if within an until clause, otherwise zero;

OFFSET--the offset decode for the handler;

TABLE NAME--the associated table name if any;

TABLE OFFSET--the offset to the name of the table in object code.

The exception handler names are generated from the EXCEPTIONS table. If the handler has an associated table name, it can also be generated from this table.

The detranslator converts the virtual machine code to tokenized representation of the rule language. The algorithm structure is written in the rules within the object-oriented operating system. It converts the post-fix form of the object level representation to the in-fix form of the rule language. The detranslator is table driven. Most of the object code structure is encoded in tables which are referred to by the detranslator.

The detranslator uses several stacks for the conversion from post-fix to in-fix.

The detranslator is essentially a stack machine. Rather than executing post-fix code, it transforms it into its tokenized representation. Each opcode causes the manipulation of the detranslator internal stacks. Once the opcode for the left hand side of a statement is reached, contents of the stack or stacks are moved to the tokens table. The detranslator maintains three stacks which operate in harmony and are identified in corresponding tables. The first is the DET.STACK table. Objects are pushed onto this stack as each opcode is visited. It is a marked stack, as stack elements between the markers are moved as one element. The DET.STACK table includes the following fields:

INDEX--primary key;

TYPE--the detranslation type (parameter, constant, table.field reference, . . . );

OFFSET--the offset to the data item in the static data area;

ITEM--symbol text;

SUBTYPE--this is the translator type (operator, reserved word, . . . ).

The next table is known as the DET₋₋ PRED₋₋ ST table. This table contains the precedence of an item of the DET.STACK. The fields include the following:

INDEX--primary key;

PRECEDENCE--the item's precedence.

The final stack is identified in the DET₋₋ WORKAREA table. Items are placed in this table from the DET₋₋ STACK table. It helps during conversion of post-fix to in-fix. Items are transferred from the DET₋₋ WORKAREA back to the DET₋₋ STACK. It contains the same fields as the DET₋₋ STACK table.

An example of detranslation is shown in FIGS. T/D1-T/D4C. The source for the detranslation is L=1+2; the object is as follows:

    1: @CONST 1

    2: @CONST 2

    3: @ADD

    4: @SETL L.

The first step is shown in FIG. 31. The value "1" is inserted into the DET₋₋ STACK with the marker X indicating a boundary element. The DET₋₋ PRED₋₋ ST is filled with the precedence 10 of the first data element. The DET₋₋ WORKAREA is empty.

The next step is shown in FIG. 32. In this step, the value constant 2 is entered as an element of the DET₋₋ STACK and its precedence is set on the DET₋₋ PRED₋₋ ST as a value 10. The work area remains empty. In the next step, the @ADD operator is encountered. In this step, the constant 2 is moved to the work area and its precedence removed from the stack. Next, the "+" operator is added to the work area stack as part of the element including the constant 2. Finally, the constant 1 is moved from the stack to the work area as part of the same element as the constant 2 and the "+". These steps are sequentially shown in FIGS. 33A, 33B, and 33C.

In FIG. 34A, the contents of the work area are transferred back to the main stack. In FIGS. 34B, 34C, 34D and 34E, the TOKENS table is filled. This happens in response to the @SETL opcode which inserts the first and second tokens as shown in FIG. 34B. Thus, the fields of the tokens table for the first token is filled with the value L, an identifier I. It is a one character string with zero positions to the right of the decimal point. It is not a part of the table.field reference. The next entry 2 is the equal sign. It is an operator with one character length with no points to the right of the decimal point and not part of a table.field reference. The contents of the stack are then reordered into the work area to the in-fix form as it appears in the rule language as shown in FIG. 34C. Finally, the balance of the TOKENS table is build from the work area entries as shown in FIG. 34D. The 1 is taken from the top of the work area and inserted as the third entry in the TOKENS table. The "+" operator is inserted as the fourth entry. The constant 2 is inserted as the fifth entry, and the ";", which is the end of the line, is inserted as the last entry. After this occurs, the stack, the precedence table and work area are cleared as illustrated in FIGS. 34E.

This translator/detranslator pair provides the means of maintaining only one single version or representation of any given program on the computer. Only the object code version of a program is stored on the secondary storage medium. The source code version is only generated on demand by the detranslation from the object code. The object code version includes all information necessary to assist the detranslation process. This provides significant maintenance cost reductions because no effort is spent to secure synchronization of source and object code versions of programs. The need for secondary storage is reduced as only the object code version need be stored. Further, several translator/detranslator pairs could be implemented so that the same program can be represented differently for different programs. Use of this technique would allow implementation of the rule language in a variety of different spoken languages like French, German or English, different graphical or diagrammatic representation of program structures, or in different communication media, for instance, visual or sound.

CONCLUSION

The object-oriented operating system of the present invention offers a new generation of application system environment which could substantially enhance programmer efficiency. Some of the key technologies implemented in this invention include the central active on line repository of tables which maintains definitions of data and programs, and links all resources necessary at execution time without regard to where in the storage system the resources reside. It enables dynamic data driven structure in the environment of the system to operate without performance limitation of tradition interpretive systems. Further, the operating system of the present invention is not limited to any particular hardware or control program environment. Programming developed on one node may be moved easily to any other platform of the system, such as from a main frame to a work station. This makes it possible to support a broad user base with a single programming structure.

In this operating system, there is only one copy of any program module. All program modules are stored in the repository in object form. Traditional maintenance problems associated with coordinating source and object modules are completely eliminated.

The rule language of the operating systems enforces and supports structured programming techniques. It eliminates the inefficiencies of huge load modules and pregenerated transaction logic.

The rule language is a general purpose language which is comparable to specification languages for ease of use. The rule language integrates program and data access functions under a single view, and can be used for general purpose applications.

The operating system implements data driven programming. This makes it easy to store all program parameters in the data base. Further, clear separation between data and programs can be easily accomplished.

The data representation provided by the operating system provides extensions to the traditional relational model to offer the functionality of the relational conceptual model together with the performance associated with hierarchical internal models.

Semantic data types are supported. Thus, improper use of data can be restricted. Further, this facilitates data compatibility in instances where simple syntactical descriptors may be incompatible.

The operating system provides a superior implementation of event driven processing. Common data related functions can be managed with the data instead of contained within application programs. This reduces the amount of coding necessary by a programmer and provides an ability to control common procedures through a data base administrator.

The operating system presents an access to heterogeneous data stores. A customer can utilize the object-oriented operating system to access old data in a data base other than the native data store of the operating system. For instance, data in an IMS data base is presented to the user as if it were stored in the TDS.

This permits the extended relational conceptual view of data to be distributed across different physical data base systems, including the table data store, IMS, DB2, and other main frame data base management systems. Also, new programs may be developed using the relational views no matter where the data is located. User does not need to include the calls to specific data base management systems within his programs.

The virtual stack machine with dynamic binding, the on-line dictionary maintained by the table access machine within the native data store, and the extended relational view of data which treats all objects in the system with a common view combine to form an object-oriented operating system that provides a very high level interface for programming and data access, and a complete data processing system for development and production of programs.

The on-line transaction oriented system of the present invention provides full consistency and recovery using a two-phase commit protocol. The data base is an object-oriented system with semantic data types and strong support for events. The programming rules are practical in general purpose in the form of an extended case statement. The message based architecture of the virtual machines support access to distributed heterogeneous data bases. The system provides control of data and programs as a shared strategic resources. Application development is as fast as prototyping. The application systems are easy to change and expand. And the interface for data access and ad hoc processing is simple yet powerful.

The foregoing description of preferred embodiments of the present invention has been provided for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Obviously, many modifications and variations will be apparent to practitioners skilled in this art. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, thereby enabling others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the following claims and their equivalents. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer implemented object orientated relational database management system comprising:a) a memory means for storing;1) a plurality of data records; 2) a plurality of tables, each said table having a table name for identifying each said table; 3) a table index having an entry for each said table in said management system where each said entry for a table name including pointers to a location in said memory means of a primary key index and of a secondary key index and where said entries are ordered within said table index upon said table names; 4) at least one primary key index, each primary key index having an entry for at least one primary key where each said entry has a pointer to a location in said storage means of a data record identified by said table name and said primary key and where said entries are ordered within said row index upon said primary keys included in said primary key index; 5) at least one secondary key index having an entry for at least one combination of a primary key and a secondary key where each said entry has a pointer to a location in said storage means of a data record identified by said table name, said primary key and said secondary key where said entries are ordered within said secondary key index first upon said secondary keys and then upon said primary keys for each stationary key in said secondary key index; b) access means for retrieving a data record identified by a table name, a primary key, and a secondary key, said access means comprising:1) table search means for retrieving from said storage means said table index, for searching said entries in said retrieved table index for said requested table name and upon finding said entry retrieving said primary key index when no secondary key is identified in said data record and said secondary key index when a secondary key is identified in said record; and 2) first search means for searching said entries in said retrieved primary key index, when said primary index has been retrieved, for an entry for said primary key of said data record and upon finding said entry retrieving said data record from the location in said memory means pointed to in said found entry for said primary key; and 3) second search means for searching said entries in said retrieved secondary key index, when a secondary key index has been retrieved, for an entry having said primary key and said secondary key of said data recorded and upon finding said entry retrieving said data record from the location in said memory means pointed to in said found entry having said primary key and said secondary key.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein:a) said memory units further comprises:within a table name entry in said table index a pointer to a parameter index in said storage means; and at least one parameter index having an entry for at least one parameter where each said entry for a parameter has a pointer to a location in said storage means to a primary key index and a secondary key index and where said entries are ordered within said parameter index upon a parameters name for each parameter included in said parameter index; and b) said access means retrieves a data record identified by a table name, a parameter name, a primary key and a secondary key and wherein:1) said table search means upon finding said entry retrieves said parameter index from the location in said memory means pointed to in said entry; and 2) parameter search means for retrieving from said storage means said parameter index, for searching said entries in said retrieved parameter index for a parameter name included in a data record to be retrieved and upon finding said entry retrieving said primary key index when no secondary key is identified in said entry and said secondary key index when a secondary key is identified in said entry from the locations of said primary key index and said secondary key index in said memory means pointed to in said parameter name entry. 